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	<title>Ici et ailleurs</title>
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		<title>Unit&#233; radicale et non-binarisme pour la bienveillance, le partage et la survie [2/2]</title>
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		<dc:date>2024-02-10T00:04:31Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:creator>Rada Ivekovi&#263;</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;L'oubli politique s&#233;lectif et les fronti&#232;res constamment sond&#233;es et rebattues. L'effacement &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Il y a une r&#233;sistance g&#233;n&#233;rale &#224; consid&#233;rer la violence &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes comme syst&#233;mique et constitutive, le revers de la m&#233;daille de la guerre. Les &#233;tiquettes sont distribu&#233;es par le courant dominant (mainstream) patriarcal. La violence structurelle &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes, comme les f&#233;minicides syst&#233;miques, se heurte paradoxalement &#224; la n&#233;gation (Verleugnung ; d&#233;ni) qui suppose inconsciemment (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=rubrique&amp;id_rubrique=16" rel="directory"&gt;Politique et subjectivation&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L'oubli politique s&#233;lectif et les fronti&#232;res constamment sond&#233;es et rebattues. L'effacement&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il y a une &lt;i&gt;r&#233;sistance g&#233;n&#233;rale&lt;/i&gt; &#224; consid&#233;rer la violence &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes comme &lt;i&gt;syst&#233;mique et constitutive&lt;/i&gt;, le revers de la m&#233;daille de la guerre. Les &#233;tiquettes sont distribu&#233;es par le courant dominant (&lt;i&gt;mainstream&lt;/i&gt;) patriarcal. La violence structurelle &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes, comme les f&#233;minicides syst&#233;miques, se heurte paradoxalement &#224; la n&#233;gation (&lt;i&gt;Verleugnung&lt;/i&gt; ; d&#233;ni) qui suppose inconsciemment l'existence de celui qui est &#233;cart&#233; ou du forclos (&lt;i&gt;Verdr&#228;ngt&lt;/i&gt; ; refoul&#233;), ou encore &#224; la &lt;i&gt;Verwerfung&lt;/i&gt; (d&#233;n&#233;gation), qui suppose l'an&#233;antissement factuel ou symbolique de l'autre, au sens de la n&#233;gation freudienne (&lt;i&gt;Verneinung&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Freud, Die Verneinung, 1925.&#034; id=&#034;nh1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce fut le cas des chasses aux sorci&#232;res historiques vues par les historiens, jusqu'&#224; la relecture de ce chapitre inf&#226;me par Silvia Federici. Les &lt;i&gt;&#233;tudes de genre, la th&#233;orie f&#233;ministe, les &#233;tudes postcoloniales et d&#233;coloniales, les &#233;tudes migratoires, etc. sont les nouvelles cibles privil&#233;gi&#233;es des assignations correspondantes, voire des all&#233;gations&lt;/i&gt;, du d&#233;placement et de la r&#233;duction du sens. Les clich&#233;s mal intentionn&#233;s qui sont officiellement lanc&#233;s, comme les &#233;tiquettes d'&#171; islamo-gauchiste &#187; ou &#171; woke &#187; en France en 2021, collent. Ou, en 1992, l'&#233;tiquette disqualifiante de &#171; sorci&#232;res &#187; pour les femmes intellectuelles dans une Yougoslavie agonisante. J'&#233;tais l'une de ces derni&#232;res, et il y a beaucoup d'autres &#171; sorci&#232;res &#187; ailleurs &#8211; &lt;i&gt;le patriarcat en produit constamment partout&lt;/i&gt;. Dans un pass&#233; proche, le terme &#171; f&#233;ministe &#187; &#233;tait un attribut stigmatisant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'universalisation d'un paradigme nationaliste, comme en France, n'est que sa sur-inflation et sa provincialisation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;C&#233;cile Canut, Provincialiser la langue : Langage et colonialisme, Paris, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Tout le reste est rendu ill&#233;gitime, invisible et effac&#233; du courant dominant et du consensus. En ce qui concerne les femmes, &#171; l'&#201;tat profond &#187; reste ce qu'il a &#233;t&#233; &#224; travers les diff&#233;rentes formations socio-&#233;conomiques, &lt;i&gt;permettant le maintien du patriarcat par ses adaptations &#224; travers les changements de r&#233;gime et de formations &#233;conomiques&lt;/i&gt;. Les socialismes historiques et les capitalismes actuellement dominants ont tous &#233;t&#233; construits sur l'&lt;i&gt;inclusion subordonn&#233;e des femmes&lt;/i&gt; et l'exclusion (ou l'inclusion subordonn&#233;e) des &#171; &#233;trangers &#187;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genre et &lt;i&gt;gender&lt;/i&gt;, annonce d'un &#233;cart&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans la traduction, il y a une vaste sph&#232;re d'&lt;i&gt;entre-deux langues&lt;/i&gt;, une sorte de &lt;i&gt;zone de contacts&lt;/i&gt; qui se croisent, et peut-&#234;tre d'effacements aussi. Le &lt;i&gt;signe d'un autre choix&lt;/i&gt;, l'impens&#233;, l'option inconcevable, qui reste &lt;i&gt;pratiquement impensable&lt;/i&gt;. Notre chance est avec cela et avec ceux qui n'ont pas encore &#233;t&#233; consid&#233;r&#233;s comme des concitoyens. Nous devons traverser ensemble et rouvrir cette sph&#232;re d'effacement et de black-out.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;L'&#232;re du coronavirus 2019-2022 a &#233;galement &#233;t&#233; une crise &#233;pist&#233;mologique (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans la &lt;i&gt;d&#233;tresse de la traduction&lt;/i&gt;, lorsque vous &#234;tes &lt;i&gt;perdue dans la traduction&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;lost in translation&lt;/i&gt;), vous &#233;garez vos rep&#232;res et vos r&#233;f&#233;rences. L'&#233;cart entre les langues, l'ind&#233;termination du genre et du sens (mais pas seulement), c'est la possibilit&#233; de tous les possibles, un point z&#233;ro (0) o&#249; tout peut arriver, bon ou mauvais. L'&#233;cart entre les langues ou les compr&#233;hensions est particuli&#232;rement mena&#231;ant et peut &#234;tre inqui&#233;tant en temps de crise. C'est particuli&#232;rement le cas depuis 1989 et la &#171; fin &#187; de la guerre froide historique, qui est un seuil important dans l'histoire r&#233;cente, &lt;i&gt;o&#249; post-colonialisme et post-socialisme convergent&lt;/i&gt; pour aplatir la dimension historique mais aussi temporelle. Celle-ci est devenue la m&#234;me, notamment aux yeux du triomphalisme occidental post-1989. Nous avons tous &#233;t&#233; introduits dans l'&#232;re post-1989 sans nouveaux outils &#233;pist&#233;mologiques &lt;i&gt;pour la nouvelle condition de la mondialisation&lt;/i&gt;, sans m&#234;me mentionner la dimension du num&#233;rique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certains savoirs autant que des histoires ont &#233;t&#233; rendus clandestins et ont &#233;t&#233; supprim&#233;s. Nous devons lever l'ambigu&#239;t&#233; et r&#233;habiliter le &lt;i&gt;principe d'un savoir qui a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment rendu ill&#233;gitime&lt;/i&gt; par la configuration dominante du savoir-et-de-la-politique (r&#233;habiliter &lt;i&gt;le principe&lt;/i&gt;, et non un savoir alternatif particulier en tant que tel). Et pour cela, nous avons besoin d'imagination politique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est tr&#232;s difficile d'&#233;laborer des &lt;i&gt;imaginaires et des scripts alternatifs&lt;/i&gt; ouvrant un cadre donn&#233;, et des &lt;i&gt;connexions alternatives&lt;/i&gt; qui peuvent pr&#233;c&#233;der ou d&#233;passer un contexte, et qui d&#233;couvrent des perspectives compl&#233;mentaires ainsi que des points de vue multiples en interaction. Et pourtant, nous avons besoin d'acc&#233;der &#224; cet immense champ des possibles. &#192; travers une &lt;i&gt;politique de la traduction&lt;/i&gt;, nous devons garder &lt;i&gt;toutes les voies de traduction ouvertes&lt;/i&gt;, ayant des implications sur les futurs contemporains et possibles, mais aussi sur les &lt;i&gt;pass&#233;s alternatifs&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cela r&#233;v&#233;lera des &lt;i&gt;alternatives imaginables, discutables ou des pass&#233;s diff&#233;rents&lt;/i&gt;. Nous devons travailler (conjointement) sur la &lt;i&gt;fluidit&#233; traductionnelle et transnationale&lt;/i&gt;, sur les significations multiples, qui en principe incluent aussi des malentendus. Il est important de &lt;i&gt;passer &#224; travers et de d&#233;passer les binaires&lt;/i&gt;, au-del&#224; de la nation, de la sph&#232;re &#233;tatique et non-&#233;tatique, &lt;i&gt;au-del&#224; de l'identification, de l'identitarisme&lt;/i&gt; et de l'&#233;rection souveraine de l'&#233;gocentrisme et du sujet politique (collectif ou singulier). Je revendiquerais l'&lt;i&gt;interd&#233;pendance&lt;/i&gt; plut&#244;t que la souverainet&#233; et, comme Zs&#243;fia L&#243;r&#225;nd (apr&#232;s Karl Polanyi), la &lt;i&gt;transformation&lt;/i&gt; plut&#244;t que la &lt;i&gt;transition&lt;/i&gt;. Les transitions politiques ont toujours &#233;t&#233; catastrophiques, exterminant des g&#233;n&#233;rations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au contraire, nous pouvons apprendre d'autres connaissances, de l'exp&#233;rience politique et d'autres sources &#171; inhabituelles &#187;, ainsi que des migrants et des &lt;i&gt;relations transfrontali&#232;res d&#233;territorialis&#233;es&lt;/i&gt; ; de l'interaction dans l'engagement et de la r&#233;sistance &#224; la pression dominante ou aux tendances conservatrices. Dans ma compr&#233;hension, &lt;i&gt;toutes les subjectivit&#233;s sont toujours incompl&#232;tes&lt;/i&gt;, c'est pourquoi leur souverainet&#233; est pr&#233;tentieuse et imaginaire. Lorsqu'elles s'appuie sur la fonction sup&#233;rieure de la souverainet&#233; de l'&#201;tat, d'une id&#233;e religieuse, d'un surmoi social ou d'un mod&#232;le, elles vivent des vies individuelles comme d&#233;poss&#233;d&#233;es de fa&#231;on permanente et comme &#233;ternellement redevables (&#224; l'instance sup&#233;rieure). Leur &#171; s&#233;curit&#233; &#187; fait confiance au mod&#232;le propos&#233; et disponible, toujours d&#233;cevant. Ces subjectivit&#233;s peuvent mobiliser un m&#233;canisme par lequel elles voilent leur incompl&#233;tude et leur insuffisance, y compris &#224; elles-m&#234;mes, afin de revendiquer absurdement la souverainet&#233; et d'&lt;i&gt;&#233;viter l'interd&#233;pendance&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Incompl&#233;tude r&#233;ciproque des subjectivit&#233;s et des savoirs. Contourner les universit&#233;s ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il n'y a pas seulement des codes de compr&#233;hension diff&#233;rents, mais aussi des savoirs et des &lt;i&gt;&#233;pist&#233;m&#232;s&lt;/i&gt; diff&#233;rents qui sont, comme le dit magnifiquement Boaventura de Sousa Santos, &lt;i&gt;r&#233;ciproquement incomplets&lt;/i&gt;. Les langues aussi sont n&#233;cessairement incompl&#232;tes les unes aux autres, comme le savent tous ceux qui &#233;crivent ou traduisent. Ainsi, le hindi et l'ourdou, le serbe et le croate sont des langues &lt;i&gt;r&#233;ciproquement incompl&#232;tes&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;au-del&#224;&lt;/i&gt; de leur intol&#233;rance politique r&#233;ciproque et de leur structure et vocabulaire de base communs. La femme et l'homme sont &#233;galement des humains &lt;i&gt;r&#233;ciproquement incomplets&lt;/i&gt;, bien que &lt;i&gt;non pas&lt;/i&gt; dans le sch&#233;ma binaire dans lequel ils sont st&#233;r&#233;otyp&#233;s (&#224; l'exclusion de toute &#171; troisi&#232;me &#187; possibilit&#233;), &lt;i&gt;mais dans un sch&#233;ma pluriel&lt;/i&gt;, o&#249; tous sont r&#233;ciproquement incomplets. (Et il y a autant de genres/sexes que d'individus.) Il en va de m&#234;me pour leurs savoirs, m&#234;me si, au sein du patriarcat, les savoirs des femmes, ainsi que beaucoup d'autres, &lt;i&gt;produits par &#8211; et produisant &#8211; le subalterne&lt;/i&gt;, sont souvent rendus invisibles et &#171; inexistants &#187;. &lt;i&gt;L'effacement, c'est le contenu de l'incompl&#233;tude r&#233;ciproque&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je m'interrogeais sur des fa&#231;ons plus douces de &#171; traduire &#187;. L'Asia Research Institute (ARI) de l'Universit&#233; nationale de Singapour (un institut o&#249; j'ai travaill&#233; pendant un certain temps) a organis&#233; un atelier intitul&#233; &#171; &lt;i&gt;Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones : Alternative Imaginaries of China's Presence in most of Southeast Asia in Contemporary Contexts&lt;/i&gt; &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Extrait d'un appel &#224; communications envoy&#233; par l'ARI le 10 d&#233;cembre 2019 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Je me suis int&#233;ress&#233;e &#224; l'id&#233;e de &#171; traverser la rivi&#232;re en t&#226;tant les pierres &#187;, une approche pratique et pragmatique o&#249; rien n'est donn&#233; &#224; l'avance, rien ou presque rien n'est volontairement rendu invisible. La tradition de la traduction chinoise a une origine et un d&#233;veloppement diff&#233;rents et particuliers. Historiquement, il s'agit plut&#244;t d'un genre au sens litt&#233;raire, que d'une transposition et d'un rendu strictement exacts du contenu d'un texte. Elle remet en question la paternit&#233;/maternit&#233; (&lt;i&gt;authorship&lt;/i&gt;) dans le sens o&#249; le traducteur est inscrit en m&#234;me temps que l'auteur (et parfois plus profond&#233;ment) dans l'&#233;crit qui en r&#233;sulte.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patriarcat et capitalisme, fronti&#232;res de l'UE. Des concepts &#224; deux fronts et une histoire inutile&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La pand&#233;mie d&#233;vastatrice de coronavirus covid-19 a &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;e comme excuse pour emp&#234;cher totalement les migrants fuyant des conditions d&#233;sesp&#233;r&#233;es d'entrer en Europe (et de m&#234;me, aux &#201;tats-Unis, en Isra&#235;l, en Australie, &#224; Singapour, en Tunisie, etc.). Nous avons toujours su (et j'ai &#233;crit entre autres) que &lt;i&gt;penser les relations entre les sexes prend une tournure massive par rapport aux connaissances occidentales conventionnelles&lt;/i&gt; qui ont &#233;t&#233; jusqu'&#224; pr&#233;sent patriarcales. Je propose que nous prenions l'Europe et l'Union europ&#233;enne dans leur dimension &lt;i&gt;transfrontali&#232;re&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;transborder&lt;/i&gt;) avec une certaine humilit&#233;, et que nous apprenions aussi des &#171; autres &#187; extra-europ&#233;ens, maintenant que les &#233;checs et les crises de l'Europe, ainsi que ceux de la modernit&#233;, sont devenus &#233;vidents. Les penchants populistes sont une machine &#224; remonter le temps. Ils fabriquent des m&#233;moires empoisonn&#233;es et d&#233;plac&#233;es. En effet, il y a eu beaucoup d'insatisfaction, non seulement de la part des femmes, quant &#224; la fa&#231;on dont la construction de l'UE (mais aussi de l'image utopique de l'Europe) a &#233;t&#233; g&#233;r&#233;e. L'espace pour une utopie europ&#233;enne est de plus en plus improbable, alors que l'UE se construit &#224; travers son lourd h&#233;ritage historique qui comprend le colonialisme, l'esclavage, la chasse aux sorci&#232;res, la subordination des femmes, l'inquisition, l'imp&#233;rialisme, le fascisme et maintenant &#224; nouveau &#8211; la guerre et la correction des fronti&#232;res sur le sous-continent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je propose de &lt;i&gt;partir des discontinuit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; et des &lt;i&gt;interruptions&lt;/i&gt;, des connexions perdues, y compris des &lt;i&gt;erreurs de traduction&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;mistranslations&lt;/i&gt;), parce qu'il y existe un m&#233;canisme incroyablement gratifiant qui ouvre des horizons inattendus. La traduction peut aider &#224; reconfigurer les grilles de connaissances &#233;tablies. Elle d&#233;place, disloque, replante ou red&#233;marre un concept sur un autre terrain, dans une autre langue ou un autre contexte (temps, espace et culture), favorisant la mutation et un exc&#232;s d'imagination ou d'&lt;i&gt;imaginaires diff&#233;rents&lt;/i&gt;. Partir de discontinuit&#233;s ou en dessous de &lt;i&gt;la ligne abyssale&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Les deux c&#244;t&#233;s de la ligne abyssale ne peuvent appara&#238;tre au m&#234;me niveau (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; fournit &#233;galement un trafic tr&#232;s dense (y compris des colmatages, des dysfonctionnement (&lt;i&gt;glitches&lt;/i&gt;) et des perc&#233;es) et &lt;i&gt;la co-pr&#233;sence et l'interf&#233;rence de ce qui ne peut normalement appara&#238;tre conjointement dans les dimensions existantes&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;endimions&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Salman Rushdie, dans Grimus, Random House 2003, 1&#232;re &#233;dition 1975.&#034; id=&#034;nh6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;), en tout cas &lt;i&gt;pas sous la m&#234;me fr&#233;quence&lt;/i&gt; (j'appelle cela - les &lt;i&gt;in-com-possibles&lt;/i&gt;). Une telle &lt;i&gt;co-pr&#233;sence&lt;/i&gt; impossible qui, bien qu'improbable, se produit n&#233;anmoins mais de mani&#232;re inattendue (selon l'&#233;chelle et le point d'observation), s'apparente au &lt;i&gt;partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Un terme volontairement ambigu mais fertile, possible et significatif en (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce dernier est comme les deux faces d'une m&#233;daille, qui sont ins&#233;parables mais &lt;i&gt;incompossibles&lt;/i&gt; au m&#234;me niveau, au sein d'une m&#234;me grille de lecture ou par le m&#234;me code. Le &lt;i&gt;partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt; dans son aspect de &lt;i&gt;partage&lt;/i&gt; justement, confirme l'incertitude, la vuln&#233;rabilit&#233; et l'incompl&#233;tude du sujet, quel qu'il soit. Et c'est l'occasion pour une nouvelle configuration politique de surgir, dans laquelle nous pouvons agir &lt;i&gt;ensemble&lt;/i&gt; &#224; partir de diff&#233;rents &lt;i&gt;positionnements&lt;/i&gt; transitoires pour construire ensemble quelque chose de nouveau de bas en haut (bottom-up) tout en &lt;i&gt;devenant-ensemble&lt;/i&gt;, vers un nouvel avenir commun mais aussi un nouveau pass&#233; (et une nouvelle &lt;i&gt;compr&#233;hension&lt;/i&gt; du pass&#233;). Ernesto Laclau appellerait cela la cr&#233;ation d'une nouvelle h&#233;g&#233;monie&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;E. Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, mais je pr&#233;f&#232;re penser au-del&#224; du cadre de l'h&#233;g&#233;monie et de la domination. Le double front du partage, c'est-&#224;-dire &#224; la fois &lt;i&gt;diviser&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;s&#233;parer&lt;/i&gt;) et &lt;i&gt;partager-avec-autrui&lt;/i&gt; ainsi que &lt;i&gt;participer &#224;/de la raison&lt;/i&gt;, nous oblige &#224; c&#233;der &#224; l'&lt;i&gt;in-com-possibilit&#233;&lt;/i&gt; des deux fronts ou deux significations dans le m&#234;me souffle. &lt;i&gt;La dialectique de leur interaction, qui plaide pour le pluralisme&lt;/i&gt; et les logiques plurielles, &lt;i&gt;disqualifie non seulement le binaire, non seulement la r&#233;duction &#224; &#171; diviser &#187; ou &#224; &#171; partager &#187;, mais aussi la co-pr&#233;sence, &#224; un m&#234;me niveau de lecture, du concept (partage) et de son r&#233;f&#233;rent objectal&lt;/i&gt;. Ce qui est ici rejet&#233;, c'est la normativit&#233; du concept, et son caract&#232;re pr&#233;-donn&#233; dans une construction qui n'accepte pas les exceptions ou les significations capricieuses. La logique dichotomique est r&#233;pressive et impose l'exclusion des &#171; troisi&#232;mes &#187; choix. Mais les options non occidentales de logiques plurielles avec &lt;i&gt;tertium datur&lt;/i&gt; (&#171; il y a un troisi&#232;me [&#233;l&#233;ment] &#187;) remplacent amplement le sch&#233;ma majoritairement occidental de &lt;i&gt;tertium non datur&lt;/i&gt;, qui est un dogme. Selon Athanasiou, &#171; ce qui rend une communaut&#233; compossible &#187;, c'est-&#224;-dire pr&#233;sente ensemble, &#171; c'est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment ce qui s'&#233;carte de, et qui est rendu incompossible par l'ordre actualis&#233; et &#233;tabli du commun. (...) [L]es constructions verbales telles que la diff&#233;rence (h&#233;t&#233;ro) sexuelle et la nation sont ind&#233;finiment et infiniment constitutives de la communaut&#233; et de sa logique/raison&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 187.&#034; id=&#034;nh9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#187;. Cette logique est r&#233;pressive et sera remise en question par des sujets non souverains et incomplets qui restent d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment &lt;i&gt;ind&#233;termin&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; dans leur &lt;i&gt;devenir politique rebelle&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;dissenting political becoming&lt;/i&gt;) avec leurs &#171; logiques illogiques &#187; et leur rupture avec des formes pr&#233;&#233;tablies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les deux faces incompossibles de la pi&#232;ce se traduiraient alors plut&#244;t par quelque chose qui ressemble davantage au &lt;i&gt;pli&lt;/i&gt; de Deleuze. Et &lt;i&gt;je ne peux &#234;tre en s&#233;curit&#233; que si vous &#234;tes en s&#233;curit&#233;, si tous sont en s&#233;curit&#233; avec moi&lt;/i&gt;. De m&#234;me, si tu tombes, je tombe aussi&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il faut penser aux autres, &#224; la soci&#233;t&#233; en g&#233;n&#233;ral et &#224; la communaut&#233;, avant m&#234;me de penser &#224; soi-m&#234;me. Solidarit&#233; et le commun partag&#233;. Pourtant, le capitalisme d&#233;complex&#233; nous a incit&#233;s &#224; penser d'abord &#224; &#171; nous-m&#234;mes &#187;, aux individus d'abord, &#224; &#171; notre &#187; nation d'abord, etc. (En ceci, Trump n'est pas original, il n'a &#233;t&#233; que l'un des plus vulgaires de la veine.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lib&#233;rer l'imagination&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il s'agit de lever l'ambigu&#239;t&#233; des &lt;i&gt;savoirs contest&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; et de r&#233;habiliter le &lt;i&gt;principe d'un savoir qui a &#233;t&#233; d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment rendu ill&#233;gitime&lt;/i&gt; ou &lt;i&gt;effac&#233;&lt;/i&gt; par la configuration dominante de la politique du savoir. Pour cela, nous avons besoin d'&lt;i&gt;imagination politique&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous avions d&#233;sappris l'option non souveraine principalement &#224; travers l'histoire du capitalisme, de la verticalit&#233; patriarcale, de l'individualisme et de l'in&#233;galit&#233;. Mais le germe &#233;tait l&#224; depuis les temps les plus recul&#233;s, dans l'individualisme et la constitution du sujet lui-m&#234;me en tant que centre du monde. Cela implique la construction lourde du sujet dirigeant le monde, une g&#233;ographie particuli&#232;re avec &lt;i&gt;cosmovisi&#243;n&lt;/i&gt;, une architecture conceptuelle hi&#233;rarchis&#233;e, ainsi que l'(auto)portrait dans l'art du XVIIe si&#232;cle (Rembrandt), et l'invention de la perspective. Du fait du capitalisme moderne, &lt;i&gt;tout ce qui n'est pas le sujet est dispensable&lt;/i&gt; ou &#224; son service. D'autres choix civilisationnels dans d'autres parties du monde, cependant, ont d&#233;velopp&#233; d'autres options historiques. Ils ont refus&#233; d'&#233;laborer le concept d'un sujet (qu'ils n'ignorent pas. Ils le consid&#232;rent simplement comme ind&#233;cent), soup&#231;onnant subrepticement o&#249; cela m&#232;nerait.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patriarcat, capitalisme et retour aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il semblerait que tout progr&#232;s se paie par une r&#233;gression, un retour en arri&#232;re ou un renversement tr&#232;s palpable. L'implication de nos pays dans les guerres &#224; travers la plan&#232;te (maintenant, le Moyen-Orient, l'Afrique et l'Europe) et la militarisation accrue sont bien s&#251;r co-constitutives de la violence syst&#233;mique &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes, et avec elle de nos soci&#233;t&#233;s. Alors que les droits humains des femmes en Europe progressent dans la loi et pour une partie de l'&#233;lite, alors que les mouvements de femmes (qui sont toujours des mouvements de r&#233;sistance, o&#249; le capitalisme a &#233;t&#233; la contre-r&#233;volution&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Un lien important : Didier Billion et Christopher Ventura, dans leur livre (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) tels que &lt;i&gt;#Me too&lt;/i&gt; et &lt;i&gt;#Ni una menos&lt;/i&gt; donnent d'excellents r&#233;sultats, les institutions masculines et la culture h&#233;g&#233;monique &lt;i&gt;n'ont pas consid&#233;r&#233; les hommes violents et la violence syst&#233;mique comme socialement ou politiquement dangereux&lt;/i&gt;. Ils n'ont pas mis au point de m&#233;thodes syst&#233;matiques de protection des femmes et des enfants. Un d&#233;ni collectif historique catastrophique de l'importance et de la violence universelle &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes (et des personnes qui y sont li&#233;es) est en vigueur depuis des lustres. Il faudra un long processus entre cette suppression et cette r&#233;pression et l'&#233;veil politique du ou des sujets sur cette question. Peu de choses sont faites pour &#233;duquer les gar&#231;ons et les hommes sur la question. Rien n'a &#233;t&#233; fait pour r&#233;orienter et temp&#233;rer leur &lt;i&gt;exc&#232;s de volont&#233; de puissance et de pouvoir&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oubli politique&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les pays h&#233;g&#233;moniques dictent aujourd'hui un &lt;i&gt;oubli politique s&#233;lectif&lt;/i&gt; du point de vue de l'apr&#232;s-guerre froide actuel et du triomphalisme n&#233;olib&#233;ral persistant. La citoyennet&#233; europ&#233;enne formelle est devenue ethno-nationale, et le grand foss&#233; dans l'UE se situe d&#233;sormais &lt;i&gt;entre les migrants et les citoyens&lt;/i&gt;, tandis qu'une distinction insoutenable est faite entre migrants et r&#233;fugi&#233;s. Le corps des femmes est un probl&#232;me majeur ici, ainsi que le nombre intol&#233;rable de morts parmi les migrants, avec le consentement et &lt;i&gt;m&#234;me la fomentation de changements de fronti&#232;res et leur externalisation (d&#233;localisation)&lt;/i&gt;, du moins dans les p&#233;riph&#233;ries de l'Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, Frontex, Le spectre des disparu.e.s. Nihilisme (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Aujourd'hui, la th&#233;orie f&#233;ministe a conceptuellement invers&#233; la relation (marxiste) simplifi&#233;e entre la production et la reproduction de la vie (avec le &lt;i&gt;care&lt;/i&gt;), faisant de cette derni&#232;re la &lt;i&gt;condition pr&#233;alable&lt;/i&gt; &#224; la production et &#224; la survie (Alisa Del Re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Alisa Del Re, &#8220;Il lavoro di riproduzione e il mercato&#8221;, in Lo sciopero delle (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). Mais il y a encore une autre &lt;i&gt;pr&#233;condition historique&lt;/i&gt; &#224; cette condition pr&#233;alable, bien connue des f&#233;ministes aussi, et tout aussi cach&#233;e aux savoirs &lt;i&gt;mainstream&lt;/i&gt; : le &lt;i&gt;patriarcat&lt;/i&gt; et la chasse aux sorci&#232;res historique sur plusieurs si&#232;cles &#233;taient les &lt;i&gt;conditions pr&#233;alables au capitalisme historique&lt;/i&gt; lui-m&#234;me&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch : Women, the Body and Primitive (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Le travail non r&#233;mun&#233;r&#233; (domestique et autre) des femmes a produit leur servitude en ne les admettant pas au travail salari&#233;, r&#233;serv&#233; aux hommes. Les hommes &#233;taient exploit&#233;s dans les usines, tandis que les femmes &#233;taient opprim&#233;es dans leur corps par ceux-l&#224;. Plus tard, dans le socialisme, l'interpr&#233;tation de l'exploitation des femmes en termes de division genr&#233;e du travail et de t&#226;ches m&#233;nag&#232;res non r&#233;mun&#233;r&#233;es a montr&#233; qu'il aurait &#233;t&#233; possible de d&#233;passer la dichotomie de classe et patriarcale, au lieu de r&#233;duire les rapports de genre aux rapports de classe. Pourtant, en cela, le f&#233;minisme d'&#201;tat (en r&#233;ponse au Parti) a &#233;chou&#233;, ce qui confirme l'importance historique du patriarcat. Cela nous aide &#224; comprendre la similitude &#224; cet &#233;gard entre le socialisme et le capitalisme, et le radicalisme barr&#233; du premier. Le socialisme n'&#233;tait pas radical dans son f&#233;minisme prudemment proclam&#233; comme un &#233;galitarisme formel qui devait &#234;tre surveill&#233;, puisque les femmes n'&#233;taient pas dignes de confiance. Les chasses aux sorci&#232;res se poursuivent cependant, quel que soit le syst&#232;me. Les hi&#233;rarchies sexuelles sont toujours au service du maintien d'un syst&#232;me de domination. Federici a montr&#233; que dans la transition vers le capitalisme, l'&lt;i&gt;ex&#233;cution par le feu des sorci&#232;res et le d&#233;classement des femmes&lt;/i&gt; faisaient partie du processus, au m&#234;me titre que l'accaparement des terres des paysans (&lt;i&gt;land-grabbing&lt;/i&gt;) et le colonialisme. Ce processus violent n'a jamais &#233;t&#233; compl&#233;tement interrompu &#224; ce jour (pas plus que l'accumulation primitive), et les ren&#233;gociations constantes entre les s&#233;quences se poursuivent constamment. Nous avons aujourd'hui un retour du b&#226;ton (&lt;i&gt;backlash&lt;/i&gt;) mondial sur toutes ces questions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il y a une r&#233;sistance g&#233;n&#233;rale &#224; consid&#233;rer la violence &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes &lt;i&gt;comme syst&#233;mique et constitutive&lt;/i&gt;, ce qui est &lt;i&gt;un effacement politique programm&#233; de plus&lt;/i&gt;. Des politiques de traduction correspondantes sont ensuite d&#233;ploy&#233;es &#224; cet effet. Certaines &lt;i&gt;politiques elles-m&#234;mes se traduisent&lt;/i&gt; de mani&#232;re plus ou moins utilitaire en d&#233;clamations id&#233;ologiques, o&#249; l'on distribue des accusations et des &#233;tiquettes. Les &lt;i&gt;all&#233;gations&lt;/i&gt; sont dispens&#233;es par le courant dominant patriarcal, par la soci&#233;t&#233; et pas n&#233;cessairement par l'&#201;tat, qu'ils soutiennent. Bien qu'elles n'aient pas de signification coh&#233;rente, les &#233;tiquettes attribu&#233;es peuvent &#234;tre meurtri&#232;res. En France, l'autocollant &#171; id&#233;ologie du genre &#187; est devenu p&#233;rilleux au m&#234;me titre que l'islamo-gauchisme, et fait l'objet de furieuses campagnes anti-genre et anti-intellectuelles. Il y a des attaques contre les universit&#233;s et les intellectuels, dans un nouveau virage conservateur et d'extr&#234;me droite. Cela s'inscrit dans un contexte de populisme, de confusionnisme, encourag&#233; par une sorte de nouveau &lt;i&gt;fascisme social&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le m&#234;me temps, l'UE (et les &#201;tats-Unis) font la le&#231;on de mani&#232;re disproportionn&#233;e aux autres pays et continents sur leurs insuffisances en mati&#232;re d'&#233;cologie, de protection des droits des femmes, etc. De telles fanfaronnades sur la droiture de l'Occident sont une dissimulation hypocrite, car il est clair que la d&#233;fense des femmes n'est pas le v&#233;ritable objectif de l'action internationale, m&#234;me lorsqu'elle est propos&#233;e, comme ce fut le cas lors de l'intervention des &#201;tats-Unis puis de l'UE en Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La remise en cause des fronti&#232;res, cruciale dans toute perspective de souverainet&#233; &#233;tatique, est &lt;i&gt;celle de l'Europe occidentale&lt;/i&gt; et de l'occident. Elle est profond&#233;ment li&#233;e aux imaginaires masculins sur les femmes. &lt;i&gt;Parce que&lt;/i&gt; les migrants et les femmes apparaissent comme un &lt;i&gt;&#233;l&#233;ment troublant, destituant ou d&#233;constituant&lt;/i&gt;, ni la soci&#233;t&#233; ni l'&#201;tat (patriarcal) ne leur font confiance. &lt;i&gt;Condamner le sexe et le genre f&#233;minins, et maintenant aussi les migrants, sont des postures de base de l'entreprise patriarcale au service du capitalisme&lt;/i&gt;, et sont au c&#339;ur de la &lt;i&gt;question des fronti&#232;res&lt;/i&gt;. (Bien que le capitalisme ne soit pas le seul &#224; &#234;tre patriarcal - toutes les autres formations l'ont &#233;t&#233; aussi.) La question des fronti&#232;res affiche n&#233;cessairement la guerre avec le patriarcat comme son m&#233;canisme &#171; r&#233;gulateur &#187; et comme sa probabilit&#233;. Les f&#233;ministes et les femmes insistent sur la &lt;i&gt;solidarit&#233; des luttes de r&#233;sistance, sur la d&#233;militarisation, la d&#233;sescalade et sur la paix&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Merima Omeragi&#263;, &#171; Living the Post-Yugoslav Female Humanism &#187;, in the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La solidarit&#233; d&#233;cisive des femmes et des migrants est tr&#232;s importante dans l'activisme et la pens&#233;e politique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce n'est pas surprenant, car les int&#233;r&#234;ts collectifs (les &lt;i&gt;communs&lt;/i&gt;) sont gard&#233;s &#224; l'esprit, la solidarit&#233;, la bienveillance envers les autres, le &lt;i&gt;do no harm&lt;/i&gt;, le &lt;i&gt;care&lt;/i&gt;, la compassion, l'empathie, la responsabilit&#233; sociale partag&#233;e, la civilit&#233;, etc. sont consid&#233;r&#233;s comme des &#233;l&#233;ments compl&#233;mentaires de la culture f&#233;minine dans la plupart des endroits, mais ils servent la &lt;i&gt;cause commune et sociale&lt;/i&gt;, et non une cause genr&#233;e et &#233;go&#239;ste. Chez les femmes, ces &#233;l&#233;ments appartiennent &#224; la fois &#224; la tradition mais aussi aux nouveaux mod&#232;les &#233;mancipateurs et au travail. La reproduction de la vie, traditionnellement cach&#233;e et s&#233;par&#233;e de la sph&#232;re de la production et de sa th&#233;orisation, est aujourd'hui analys&#233;e plus en d&#233;tail dans la th&#233;orie f&#233;ministe comme la &lt;i&gt;condition pr&#233;alable &#224; la production et &#224; la survie de tous&lt;/i&gt;. En cela, ce sont les femmes qui sont en premi&#232;re ligne. Pas de calcul. Juste une n&#233;cessit&#233; pratique, et le fait de s'occuper de plus de gens que soi-m&#234;me.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Le tournant &#233;pist&#233;mologique et les nouveaux savoirs d'aujourd'hui ne sont &lt;i&gt;pas seulement&lt;/i&gt; le r&#233;sultat du num&#233;rique post-industriel en temps r&#233;el ou de la dispensation computationnelle et du travail cognitif rendus possibles par les hackers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Apr&#232;s Marx, Gramsci et Negri, Griziotti dira intellect g&#233;n&#233;ral et (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ils sont aussi l'effet d'un &lt;i&gt;partage des connaissances&lt;/i&gt; par de nouvelles voies et par de nouveaux canaux, &#224; l'ext&#233;rieur et au-del&#224; des universit&#233;s. Les sciences sociales et la philosophie contemporaines s'inspirent beaucoup de la recherche f&#233;ministe &#224; cet &#233;gard. Mais la dimension num&#233;rique contr&#244;le une grande partie de nos connaissances et de leur transmission d'une mani&#232;re apparemment impersonnelle, mais fragile, comme un m&#233;canisme ou une machine d&#233;sirante&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gilles Deleuze &amp; F&#233;lix Guattari, Mille plateaux, Paris, Minuit 1980.&#034; id=&#034;nh17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; mortelle et suicidaire &#224; travers des algorithmes invisibles dont nous ne soup&#231;onnons m&#234;me pas l'existence. Cela a tout &#224; voir avec l'organisation n&#233;olib&#233;rale de la soci&#233;t&#233; et de la politique, au nom des int&#233;r&#234;ts &#233;conomiques correspondants. La condition des femmes est r&#233;arrang&#233;e dans ce capitalisme algorithmique et de plateformes, restant encore subalterne. En m&#234;me temps, obliquement et lat&#233;ralement, elle s'ins&#232;re en partie dans le courant dominant gr&#226;ce &#224; une sorte d'adaptation, d'absorption capillaire contextuelle, de &#171; pollinisation &#187; et d'atmosph&#232;re g&#233;n&#233;rale.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-esp&#232;ce, non-genre, non-nation, non-identit&#233;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est maintenant &#233;vident que la gradation appara&#238;t dans toutes les relations in&#233;gales, qu'il s'agisse de sexe, de classe, de race, de caste, d'esp&#232;ce ou d'autres diff&#233;rences in&#233;gales. Nous devons maintenant penser au climat et &#224; l'environnement, consid&#233;rer la nature (dont nous faisons partie) et envisager de nous soucier de la &lt;i&gt;vie sur terre&lt;/i&gt;. En pensant &#224; partir des lacunes et des interruptions et en les recousant, en tant que &lt;i&gt;non-esp&#232;ce, non-nation, non-identit&#233;, non-genre&lt;/i&gt;, depuis la vie et le vivant, nous devons d'abord penser aux autres : &lt;i&gt;alors seulement&lt;/i&gt; nous &lt;i&gt;serions aussi en s&#233;curit&#233;, dans la mesure o&#249; les autres le sont avec nous&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Chakravorty Spivak, ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Ce n'est qu'alors que nous pourrions &#234;tre ensemble pour devenir et agir dans un monde partag&#233;. Au contraire, l'androcentrisme et l'anthropocentrisme, avec le racisme, la x&#233;nophobie, le nationalisme, le colonialisme, l'imp&#233;rialisme, etc., nourrissent la &lt;i&gt;continuit&#233; avec la m&#234;me (origine)&lt;/i&gt;, la m&#234;me naissance, la m&#234;me esp&#232;ce ou le m&#234;me sexe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sauf que pour le genre c'est encore plus compliqu&#233; : R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Women, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. J'aimerais me voir comme non-binaire par choix, malgr&#233; ma vie h&#233;t&#233;rosexuelle conventionnelle. Je pr&#233;f&#232;re brouiller les pistes, d&#233;concerter les d&#233;finitions, les &#233;tiquettes, les all&#233;gations et les identit&#233;s re&#231;ues. Mais les &#171; hommes &#187; et les &#171; femmes &#187;, en tant qu'extr&#234;mes imaginaires, &#171; id&#233;otypes &#187; transitoires d'une image complexe jusqu'aux individus, sont all&#233;gu&#233;s et construits comme tels dans une binarit&#233; r&#233;ductrice. Le foss&#233; entre les sexes traverse chacun de nous individuellement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le social-fascisme, &#171; fascisme de gauche &#187; disent certains&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La fascisation progressive de nos soci&#233;t&#233;s signifie entraver le progr&#232;s des groupes ou des classes discrimin&#233;s. La classe dirigeante hindoue indienne, par exemple, fait obstacle &#224; l'&#233;l&#233;vation des basses castes et classes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Christophe Jaffrelot sur la hindutv&#257;, le 6 mai 2021 dans un webinaire &#224; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Quels sont les &lt;i&gt;d&#233;nis historiques et les oublis politiques&lt;/i&gt; que cela co&#251;te ? Le jour o&#249; l'&#201;tat prendra le contr&#244;le de la &lt;i&gt;position judiciaire&lt;/i&gt; (ou &#171; justiciaire &#187;), le r&#233;gime et la soci&#233;t&#233; &lt;i&gt;pourraient co&#239;ncider dans le fascisme&lt;/i&gt; &#224; travers un processus d'osmose populiste de droite comme un fait accompli difficile &#224; d&#233;mystifier&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Boaventura de Sousa Santos fait une analyse nuanc&#233;e, dans une grande partie (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Mais ces choses se produisent aussi aux mains de m&#233;canismes pr&#233;dateurs internationaux par quelque approche que ce soit, y compris le genre. En raison du &lt;i&gt;confusionnisme&lt;/i&gt; qui pr&#233;vaut d&#233;sormais dans la sph&#232;re publique et qui est aliment&#233; par les r&#233;seaux sociaux, certains ont absorb&#233; les penchants fascistes dans une politique acceptable parce que le nouveau fascisme se d&#233;clare apparemment social &#224; l'&#233;gard de la population nationale (mais pas &#224; l'&#233;gard des &#233;trangers ou des migrants). Le concept paradoxal de &#171; fascisme de gauche &#187; a &#233;t&#233; invent&#233; pour ajouter &#224; la confusion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il est maintenant &#233;vident que la politique frontali&#232;re de l'UE en mati&#232;re de paix et de s&#233;curit&#233; mondiale, qui inclut, au-del&#224; des pays yougoslaves, de l'Ukraine ou d'autres conflits, la s&#233;curit&#233; de l'UE, a malheureusement &#233;chou&#233;. Ce faisant, le corps des femmes est un enjeu symbolique r&#233;gulier et des boucs &#233;missaires efficaces lorsqu'il s'agit de violence et d'armes. Les femmes sont &#171; plus faciles &#187; &#224; tuer simplement parce qu'elles sont des femmes, parce que la violence &#224; leur &#233;gard est tol&#233;r&#233;e et, en temps de guerre, exacerb&#233;e. Les associations locales de la soci&#233;t&#233; civile comptent na&#239;vement sur l'UE, l'OTAN, l'ONU, les gouvernements europ&#233;ens et les forces ext&#233;rieures pour endiguer cette tendance &#224; corriger les fronti&#232;res, mais ces &#171; autres &#187; reproduisent la m&#234;me politique identitariste de mauvaise traduction politique, peut-&#234;tre comme une r&#233;miniscence et une r&#233;p&#233;tition de la violence perp&#233;tr&#233;e par l'Europe dans son pass&#233;. D'autres sc&#233;narios sont aujourd'hui oubli&#233;s comme une histoire inepte, inutile et arbitraire, rejetant toute possibilit&#233; d'en tirer des le&#231;ons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'ouverture&lt;/i&gt; des nouveaux migrants &lt;i&gt;est radicale, au nom de la survie commune&lt;/i&gt;. Ils sont radicalement vuln&#233;rables, mais en cela, ouverts. Brutalement rejet&#233;s par des puissances h&#233;g&#233;moniques motiv&#233;es par la haine, fuyant la guerre, la r&#233;pression ou la faim, ils offrent la r&#233;ciprocit&#233;, acceptent &#224; l'avance les autres et se montrent tol&#233;rants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Notre avenir est avec les migrants et le leur avec nous, mais nous devons faire en sorte qu'ils soient accept&#233;s. Ils ont, comme les femmes, un extraordinaire pouvoir de transformation qui sauve des vies et qui est notre seule option si nous voulons avoir un avenir, et cet avenir ne peut qu'&#234;tre partag&#233;. Nous devons nous arracher &#224; l'oubli politique programm&#233;. Ce serait la r&#233;volution &#233;pist&#233;mologique indispensable pour/par un nouveau type de &#171; non-alignement &#187; f&#233;ministe ou transf&#233;ministe, concr&#232;tement universel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Rada Ivekovi&#263;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Traduit de l'original anglais par l'autrice (avec l'aide de DeepL Translator)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Freud, &lt;i&gt;Die Verneinung&lt;/i&gt;, 1925.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;C&#233;cile Canut, &lt;i&gt;Provincialiser la langue : Langage et colonialisme&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Editions Amsterdam/Multitudes, 2021.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;L'&#232;re du coronavirus 2019-2022 a &#233;galement &#233;t&#233; une crise &#233;pist&#233;mologique historique. Il y avait dans le virus et aussi dans le rapport genre-migrations un &lt;i&gt;signe, une sorte d'annonce, de la possibilit&#233; d'autres options impens&#233;es&lt;/i&gt; (en s'&#233;cartant du patriarcat et des formes actuelles du capitalisme), un &lt;i&gt;inconcevable&lt;/i&gt;. Ce sont ces intersections et interstices parmi tant d'autres jonctions possibles au sein du &lt;i&gt;plurivers&lt;/i&gt;, et avec les questions de genre, qui nous int&#233;ressent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Extrait d'un appel &#224; communications envoy&#233; par l'ARI le 10 d&#233;cembre 2019 pour une conf&#233;rence les 27 et 28 mai 2020 &#224; Singapour sous le titre de &#8220;Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones : Alternative Imaginaries of China's Presence in Southeast Asia in Contemporary Contexts&#8221;. Soulign&#233; par moi, R.I.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Les deux c&#244;t&#233;s de la &lt;i&gt;ligne abyssale&lt;/i&gt; ne peuvent appara&#238;tre au m&#234;me niveau selon Boaventura de Sousa Santos, &#8220;Beyond Abyssal Thinking : From Global Lines to Ecologies of Knowledges&#8221; (first published in &lt;i&gt;Review&lt;/i&gt;, XXX-1-2007), &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/documentos/AbyssalThinking.PDF&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/documentos/AbyssalThinking.PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Salman Rushdie, dans &lt;i&gt;Grimus&lt;/i&gt;, Random House 2003, 1&#232;re &#233;dition 1975.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Un terme volontairement ambigu mais fertile, possible et significatif en fran&#231;ais, qui se pr&#233;sente comme un &lt;i&gt;in(com)possible&lt;/i&gt;, c'est-&#224;-dire comme une possibilit&#233; et une impossibilit&#233; simultan&#233;es, selon la perspective. Les deux faces d'une m&#234;me m&#233;daille pourraient illustrer cette relation : elles sont toujours ensemble, mais chacune est inconcevable du point de vue de l'autre. Ce serait un exemple de &lt;i&gt;diff&#233;rend&lt;/i&gt; au sens de Jean-Fran&#231;ois Lyotard : un sens n'a pas de sens (ou n'est pas le m&#234;me) dans le langage de l'autre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;E. Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe, &lt;i&gt;Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics&lt;/i&gt;, London, Verso, 1985 ; en fr., &lt;i&gt;H&#233;g&#233;monie et strat&#233;gie socialiste : Vers une politique d&#233;mocratique radicale&lt;/i&gt;, &#8206; trad. par Julien Adriel, Les Solitaires Intempestifs, 2009.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 187.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, &lt;i&gt;ibid.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Un lien important : Didier Billion et Christopher Ventura, dans leur livre &lt;i&gt;D&#233;soccidentalisation. Repenser l'ordre du monde&lt;/i&gt;, Marseille, Agone 2023, pensent que les mouvements sociaux progressistes d'aujourd'hui sont massivement touch&#233;s par la d&#233;soccidentalisation, et devraient essayer de produire ensemble des forces politiques capables de repenser l'ordre mondial.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, &lt;i&gt;Frontex, Le spectre des disparu.e.s. Nihilisme aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/i&gt;, L'Harmattan 2023 ; Elspeth Guild (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Monitoring Border Violence in the EU : Frontex in Focus&lt;/i&gt;, Routledge Studies in Liberty and Security, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Alisa Del Re, &#8220;Il lavoro di riproduzione e il mercato&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Lo sciopero delle donne. Lavoro - trasformazioni del capitale &#8211; lotte&lt;/i&gt; (ouvrage collectif), Rome, Manifestolibri 2019 ; &#8220;Cura e riproduzione sociale&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Welfare. Attualit&#224; e prospettive&lt;/i&gt;, ed. by Chiara Giorgi, Carocci 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Silvia Federici, &lt;i&gt;Caliban and the Witch : Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation&lt;/i&gt;, Brooklyn, N.Y., Autonomedia 2004 ; en fr., &lt;i&gt;Caliban et la sorci&#232;re&lt;/i&gt;, Entremonde 2017.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Merima Omeragi&#263;, &#171; Living the Post-Yugoslav Female Humanism &#187;, in the journal &lt;i&gt;Shota&lt;/i&gt; (Pri&#353;tina), &lt;a href=&#034;https://shota.al/ure/living-the-post-yugoslav-female-humanism/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://shota.al/ure/living-the-post-yugoslav-female-humanism/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Apr&#232;s Marx, Gramsci et Negri, Griziotti dira &lt;i&gt;intellect g&#233;n&#233;ral et intelligence collective&lt;/i&gt; : Giorgio Griziotti, &lt;i&gt;Neurocapitalism. Technological Mediation and Vanishing Lines&lt;/i&gt;, pr&#233;face par Tiziana Terranova, transl. par Jason Francis McGimsay, Minor Compositions, Colchester/New York/Port Watson 2019 (en ligne : &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autonomedia.org&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;www.autonomedia.org&lt;/a&gt;) ; voir aussi J&#233;r&#244;me Valluy, &lt;i&gt;Humanit&#233; et num&#233;rique(s) &#8211; De l'histoire de l'informatique en expansion soci&#233;tale&#8230; au capitalisme de surveillance et d'influence (1890-2023)&lt;/i&gt;, Collection HNP, TERRA-HN-&#233;ditions, 2023, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article1347.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article1347.html&lt;/a&gt; ; Shoshana Zuboff, &lt;i&gt;L'&#194;ge du capitalisme de surveillance&lt;/i&gt;, trad. par Anne-Sylvie Homassel, Zulma, &#233;d. Kindle 2022 ; Yann Moulier Boutang, &lt;i&gt;Le Capitalisme cognitif : La Nouvelle grande transformation&lt;/i&gt;, &#233;d. Amsterdam, Paris 2007 ; Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, &lt;i&gt;Empire&lt;/i&gt;, trad. par Denis-Armand Canal, Paris, Exils, 2000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gilles Deleuze &amp; F&#233;lix Guattari, &lt;i&gt;Mille plateaux&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Minuit 1980.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Chakravorty Spivak, &lt;i&gt;ibid&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Sauf que pour le genre c'est encore plus compliqu&#233; : R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Women, Nationalism and War : 'Make Love Not War'&#034;, &lt;i&gt;Hypatia, Special Cluster on Eastern European Feminism&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1993), pp. 113-126.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Christophe Jaffrelot sur la &lt;i&gt;hindutv&#257;&lt;/i&gt;, le 6 mai 2021 dans un webinaire &#224; l'Institut d'&#233;tudes politiques, Paris, dans le cadre d'une s&#233;rie de d&#233;bats sur les populismes et le nationalisme hindou.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Boaventura de Sousa Santos fait une analyse nuanc&#233;e, dans une grande partie de ses &#233;crits, de la diff&#233;rence entre une soci&#233;t&#233; fasciste et un &#201;tat fasciste. Une co&#239;ncidence des deux est fr&#233;quente, ce qui est la catastrophe ultime. Comme lui, je fais la distinction entre une soci&#233;t&#233; fasciste et un &#201;tat fasciste (ou le fascisme au pouvoir). Comme dans l'exemple des pays de l'ex-Yougoslavie, nous avons souvent des soci&#233;t&#233;s divis&#233;es, avec les deux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Unit&#233; radicale et non-binarisme pour la bienveillance, le partage et la survie [1/2]</title>
		<link>https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=1262</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=1262</guid>
		<dc:date>2024-02-05T18:38:47Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Rada Ivekovi&#263;</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;D&#233;di&#233; &#224; la m&#233;moire de Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
*** R&#233;sum&#233; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Dans cet article, je vois les dichotomies entre les sexes et la guerre froide comme faisant partie du m&#234;me syst&#232;me complexe de binaires qui r&#233;gissent l'h&#233;g&#233;monie et la domination, et produisent la guerre. Depuis que, d&#232;s mon plus jeune &#226;ge, j'ai r&#233;alis&#233; l'inconfort et l'&#233;tranget&#233; d'&#234;tre n&#233;e fille, j'ai essay&#233; de contourner la binarit&#233; des genres scell&#233;e dans le langage, et j'ai pr&#233;f&#233;r&#233; un genre fluide au masculin et au f&#233;minin, fixes. Il (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=rubrique&amp;id_rubrique=16" rel="directory"&gt;Politique et subjectivation&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;D&#233;di&#233; &#224; la m&#233;moire de Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;R&#233;sum&#233;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Une version du pr&#233;sent document, intitul&#233;e &#171; Radical Togetherness and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans cet article, je vois les dichotomies entre les sexes et la guerre froide comme faisant partie du m&#234;me syst&#232;me complexe de binaires qui r&#233;gissent l'h&#233;g&#233;monie et la domination, et produisent la guerre. Depuis que, d&#232;s mon plus jeune &#226;ge, j'ai r&#233;alis&#233; l'inconfort et l'&#233;tranget&#233; d'&#234;tre n&#233;e fille, j'ai essay&#233; de contourner la binarit&#233; des genres &lt;i&gt;scell&#233;e dans le langage&lt;/i&gt;, et j'ai pr&#233;f&#233;r&#233; un genre fluide au masculin et au f&#233;minin, fixes. Il en va de m&#234;me pour les autres dichotomies et &#171; identit&#233;s &#187;. Les mod&#232;les binaires ont tendance &#224; se soutenir et &#224; se renforcer mutuellement, et &#224; produire la &lt;i&gt;perception&lt;/i&gt; d'un monde bipolaire ou divis&#233;, qui revient &#224; ce que la r&#233;alit&#233; se pr&#233;sente comme &#8211; et devienne &#8211; (comme si) dichotomique. C'est ainsi que la &lt;i&gt;politique&lt;/i&gt;, ou la pens&#233;e politique, se r&#233;v&#232;le insuffisante et &lt;i&gt;dispara&#238;t&lt;/i&gt; dans des formules pr&#234;tes &#224; porter qui &#233;vitent la complexit&#233; du monde et abandonnent tout espoir qui viendrait par l'utopie. Les cat&#233;gories non duelles existent bel et bien, mais se pr&#233;sentent comme un chaos incompr&#233;hensible d'options anti-syst&#232;me &#224; gogo, o&#249; le progr&#232;s n'est plus garanti par le processus politique. Seuls les binaires &#171; assurent &#187; une certaine stabilit&#233;, au prix d'une lecture embellie d'une situation. Lorsqu'il n'y a que deux p&#244;les, l'un d'eux, car alternatif, ne manquera pas de devenir subalterne, ce qui est cach&#233; par la sym&#233;trie apparente. J'ai remarqu&#233; l'effacement des alternatives, des projets, des r&#233;cits, des traductions et des langues &#224; travers une dialectique dichotomique, surtout apr&#232;s 1989, y compris l'effacement d'autres personnes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir le cas des citoyens &#171; effac&#233;s &#187; originaires d'autres r&#233;publiques (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. L'un des nombreux agents d'effacement est l'universalisme abstrait : dans de nombreux cas, ce que nous obtenons &#224; travers l'universalisation d'un paradigme nationaliste dichotomique reposant sur la misogynie, n'est que la provincialisation exag&#233;r&#233;e dudit nationalisme. Tout ce qui se pr&#233;sente comme porteur ou repr&#233;sentant de l'h&#233;g&#233;monie patriarcale, c'est la &lt;i&gt;provincialisation exag&#233;r&#233;e de la masculinit&#233; historiquement dominante&lt;/i&gt;, r&#233;guli&#232;rement li&#233;e au nationalisme. Toutes les autres options sont alors rendues ill&#233;gitimes et effac&#233;es. D'un point de vue &#233;pist&#233;mologique, notre vocabulaire politique appauvri signale la d&#233;gradation vers une confusionnalit&#233; g&#233;n&#233;rale, une d&#233;politisation, une d&#233;s&#233;manticisation. La machine de guerre fonctionne aussi &#224; travers le langage. Cela se produit dans un monde o&#249; la discrimination de genre accept&#233;e et g&#233;n&#233;ralis&#233;e est &lt;i&gt;constitutive&lt;/i&gt; du syst&#232;me g&#233;n&#233;ral non &#233;galitaire des &#201;tats-nations, et soutient, en tant que mod&#232;le, toutes les autres in&#233;galit&#233;s et injustices. Cela doit cesser, et pas seulement pour le bien des femmes. En partant des &lt;i&gt;discontinuit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt;, en tant que &lt;i&gt;non-esp&#232;ce&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;non-nation&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;non-identit&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;non-genre&lt;/i&gt;, comme je le propose, nous donnerions aux autres esp&#232;ces, genres, individus, autres options et &#171; &#233;trangers &#187;, les m&#234;mes chances que nous avons : ce n'est qu'alors que nous serions, nous &lt;i&gt;aussi&lt;/i&gt;, en s&#233;curit&#233;, &lt;i&gt;dans la mesure o&#249; les autres sont en s&#233;curit&#233;&lt;/i&gt; avec nous&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, voir &#171; Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Un &lt;i&gt;femmage&lt;/i&gt; &#224; Dubravka :&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Sur le provincialisme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mon &lt;i&gt;femmage&lt;/i&gt; &#224; Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; n'aura pas la forme d'un article sur son travail, mais de &lt;i&gt;quelques remarques rendues possibles aussi par ses &#233;crits&lt;/i&gt;, ainsi que par ceux de quelques autres. C'est &lt;i&gt;le fait d'&#234;tre ensemble et l'interd&#233;pendance&lt;/i&gt;, de s'appuyer sur les autres, qui nous font travailler, ressentir et penser ensemble, ce qui pourrait faire partie d'un projet d'&#233;thique f&#233;ministe pacifiste. Dubravka avait des outils litt&#233;raires, alors que j'&#233;tais en philosophie. &#192; la fin de sa vie, elle avait compl&#232;tement compris et d&#233;construit les m&#233;canismes nationaliste et misogyne sans avoir besoin de philosophie. En fait, je crois aux avantages de la litt&#233;rature par rapport &#224; la philosophie &#224; bien des &#233;gards. Je ne suis pas un sp&#233;cialiste de Dubravka ou de des litt&#233;ratures yougoslaves, mais j'ai &#233;t&#233; sa lectrice et son amie. D'une mani&#232;re inattendue et r&#233;troactive, Dubravka m'a appris des choses essentielles sur la vie &lt;i&gt;en raison de&lt;/i&gt; son face-&#224;-face particulier et d&#233;sinhib&#233; &#224; la mort, que je trouve admirable, et que je respecte. C'est la seule personne que je connaisse dont la mort n'est pas une d&#233;faite. Elle avait envisag&#233; la mort seule, sans vouloir accabler qui que ce soit. Je lui suis tr&#232;s redevable &lt;i&gt;aussi&lt;/i&gt; de cette le&#231;on r&#233;trospective. Une grande partie est venue comme un cadeau inattendu et extravagant de prise de conscience par-del&#224; de la tombe.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je lisais r&#233;cemment deux de mes articles &#233;crits il y a une quarantaine d'ann&#233;es&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#034;Polo&#382;aj &#382;ene (u okviru strategije socijalnog razvoja u svijetu)&#034; (1979 : La (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Mon travail &#224; l'Institut pour les pays en d&#233;veloppement de Zagreb, ainsi que ces articles, font suite &#224; l'important &#233;v&#233;nement historique d'une conf&#233;rence internationale f&#233;ministe en 1978 &#224; Belgrade, au Centre culturel des &#233;tudiants. La conf&#233;rence f&#233;ministe la plus importante suivante a eu lieu en 2015 &#224; Sarajevo, organis&#233;e par Les femmes en noir. Dubravka n'y participait pas, mais b&#233;n&#233;ficia, comme toute la g&#233;n&#233;ration, de cette atmosph&#232;re critique, l'air du temps. Cela l'a rendue forte, r&#233;sistante et courageuse.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je suis aujourd'hui frapp&#233;e par mon vocabulaire de l'&#233;poque (dans le cadre du langage politique g&#233;n&#233;ralement utilis&#233; alors). C'est un jargon plein de clich&#233;s socialistes et non-align&#233;s, je dois dire, bien que je sois toujours en phase avec beaucoup de ces id&#233;es. De la m&#234;me mani&#232;re, le langage politique d'aujourd'hui appara&#238;tra bient&#244;t comme d&#233;suet et insuffisant &#8211; il l'est d&#233;j&#224;. Ce n'est qu'apr&#232;s l'effondrement de la Yougoslavie que j'ai r&#233;alis&#233; &#224; quel point une terminologie dominante que l'on utilise inconsciemment, fonctionne, &lt;i&gt;&#224; l'int&#233;rieur&lt;/i&gt;, limitant notre imagination politique. Depuis, j'ai song&#233; &#224; cela, &#224; la langue, &#224; la traduction et &#224; l'&#233;pist&#233;mologie. Apr&#232;s l'effondrement de la Yougoslavie et alors que je me transf&#233;rais en France, j'ai senti qu'il me manquait une langue qui ait du sens dans mon nouvel environnement, mais aussi que les Fran&#231;ais, et tous les autres, &#233;taient &#233;galement coinc&#233;s dans les circonstances mentales, politico-linguistiques d'apr&#232;s 1989, apr&#232;s la guerre froide historique, avec des jargons id&#233;ologiques &#171; scientifiques &#187; fig&#233;s. &#192; quatre d&#233;cennies de distance, je pouvais relire mes premiers articles comme ceux de quelqu'un d'autre et de l'int&#233;rieur du &#171; capitalisme &#187;. J'ai d&#233;couvert que les gens qui vivaient dans l'ancien ouest &#171; triomphant &#187; n'avaient pas n&#233;cessairement le privil&#232;ge d'une absence de passion/d&#233;tachement comparable &#224; ceux auxquels nous avions &#233;t&#233; expos&#233;s en 1989. La division de la guerre froide &#233;tait r&#233;elle et toujours d'actualit&#233;. &lt;i&gt;Nous &#233;tions tous en train d'abandonner le binaire de la guerre froide&lt;/i&gt; r&#233;gi par l'exclusion des options tierces et plurielles, mais &lt;i&gt;nous n'avions pas encore trouv&#233; un nouveau vocabulaire commun et une nouvelle carte du monde&lt;/i&gt;. C'est ainsi et pourquoi j'ai eu recours &#224; l'auteur Radomir Konstantinovi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Konstantinovi&#263; (1928-2011), un auteur qui m'accompagne encore aujourd'hui : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Plus tard, Boaventura de Sousa Santos a &#233;t&#233; et reste toujours pr&#233;cieux sur ces questions. Il en va de m&#234;me pour beaucoup d'autres, en particulier les r&#233;interpr&#233;tatrices f&#233;ministes de l'histoire ou du marxisme telles que Silvia Federici et d'autres. D'une mani&#232;re ou d'une autre, le patriarcat a &#233;t&#233; et est toujours tacitement tol&#233;r&#233; et seulement tr&#232;s g&#233;n&#233;ralement critiqu&#233;, jamais consid&#233;r&#233; &lt;i&gt;comme constitutif de toutes les in&#233;galit&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; et les r&#233;gissant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;C'est &#224; travers la guerre de Yougoslavie que nous sommes devenu.es politiques d'une nouvelle mani&#232;re. On apprend la g&#233;ographie et la politique quand une guerre &#233;clate. &lt;i&gt;Vingt ans auparavant&lt;/i&gt;, gr&#226;ce entre autres aux conseils de Konstantinovi&#263;, aux philosophes du groupe Praxis&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Une &#233;cole informelle de philosophie et de sciences sociales marxistes (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; dont j'ai &#233;t&#233; l'&#233;l&#232;ve (en partie en m'appuyant sur eux mais en partie en leur r&#233;sistant), moi et d'autres &#233;tions d&#233;j&#224; politiques en traitant des questions des femmes, en contestant &#224; la fois les pratiques sociales et en remettant en question les dogmes de l'&#201;tat. Notre entr&#233;e en politique s'est faite progressivement. Ce n'est qu'&#224; travers la guerre que nous avons appris l'existence du nationalisme, de son enchev&#234;trement et de son soutien au patriarcat, apr&#232;s avoir &#233;t&#233; &#233;lev&#233;s dans l'id&#233;ologie transnationale et pieuse de la &#171; fraternit&#233; et de l'unit&#233; &#187; (&lt;i&gt;bratstvo i jedinstvo&lt;/i&gt;) qui nous a rendus aveugles &#224; toute manifestation de nationalisme. Nous nous sommes &#233;galement rendu compte que le nationalisme, qui devait d&#233;finir le conflit yougoslave, &#233;tait un populisme instrumental et d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;, sans id&#233;ologie particuli&#232;re, mais avec une misogynie combin&#233;e &#224; la production d'ennemis transform&#233;s en &#171; autres &#187;, autres nationaux, servant en r&#233;alit&#233; d'autres objectifs : gagner et conserver le pouvoir politique et &#233;conomique dans sa seule forme disponible &#224; l'&#233;poque &#8211; la nation, ainsi que la domination masculine au sein d'une nouvelle h&#233;g&#233;monie qui a &#233;t&#233; construite &#224; la h&#226;te dans la violence la plus totale. La question philosophique &#224; &#233;tudier ici est de savoir comment la guerre et la violence &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes et des autres subalternis&#233;s sont constitutives, structurelles et li&#233;es par un soutien r&#233;ciproque.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lorsque j'ai rencontr&#233; Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; pour la premi&#232;re fois dans les ann&#233;es soixante-dix, elle &#233;tait ironique, satirique et &#171; bizarre &#187; (un peu dans le sens du concept russe moderne d'&lt;i&gt;ostranenie&lt;/i&gt;, qu'elle affectionnait), en tant qu'auteure d&#233;j&#224; reconnue, plut&#244;t que directement politique. &#192; l'&#233;poque, elle rejetait l'accusation et l'&#233;tiquette de f&#233;minisme, lanc&#233;es contre elle et d'autres comme une all&#233;gation. Elle a essay&#233; de s'en d&#233;faire, comme cela se faisait g&#233;n&#233;ralement dans le courant dominant. Bient&#244;t d&#233;clar&#233;e sorci&#232;re avec d'autres, par une campagne de misogynie violente en 1992 au tout d&#233;but de la Croatie mais encore en Yougoslavie, elle a progressivement transform&#233; son &#233;tiquette de &#171; sorci&#232;re monstrueuse &#187; en force de r&#233;sistance, la portant fi&#232;rement dans ses essais combatifs. Elle n'a pas rejoint le mouvement f&#233;ministe universitaire trans-yougoslave dans les ann&#233;es soixante-dix. C'est compr&#233;hensible et on ne peut pas lui en vouloir. Nous adoptons des strat&#233;gies individuelles diff&#233;rentes et isol&#233;es pour r&#233;sister &#224; la r&#233;pression sociale ou &#233;tatique et, dans le cas des femmes, &#233;galement parce que la solidarit&#233; entre elles a &#233;t&#233; historiquement d&#233;courag&#233;e afin de les maintenir par familles s&#233;par&#233;es. Contrairement &#224; celui des hommes, leur mod&#232;le n'a pas &#233;t&#233; universalis&#233;. Mais elle &#233;tait trop intelligente pour ne rien faire. En observant l'horrible politique belliciste, elle a rapidement d&#233;couvert que la misogynie &#233;tait inh&#233;rente au nationalisme, qu'elle d&#233;testait et critiquait. Dubravka s'est rapidement et d&#233;lib&#233;r&#233;ment forg&#233; un statut transnational ou, comme elle l'a dit, un profil &lt;i&gt;hors nation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Voir un projet similaire dans Alienocene. Journal of the first Outernational,&#034; id=&#034;nh2-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Son &#233;ducation politique, comme celle de tout le monde &#224; l'&#233;poque, lui vient en grande partie de la guerre. Elle est devenue audacieuse et franche politiquement par n&#233;cessit&#233;, indignation et culot, en particulier dans sa critique des nationalismes, de la misogynie, des f&#233;minicides historiques et de la politique des &#201;tats post-yougoslaves.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le deuxi&#232;me de mes deux articles mentionn&#233;s de l'&#233;poque, &#233;crit pour l'Institut&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; ou (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, j'avais tent&#233; une timide critique du programme du d&#233;partement d'&#233;tudes indiennes o&#249; j'avais &#233;tudi&#233; &#224; Zagreb (et apr&#232;s quoi j'&#233;tais all&#233;e en Inde de 1970 &#224; 1972 pour un doctorat en philosophie bouddhiste). Au-del&#224; de l'universit&#233;, j'ai eu acc&#232;s &#224; certains premiers &#233;l&#233;ments des &#233;tudes subalternes et postcoloniales en temps r&#233;el, et j'en ai tir&#233; des le&#231;ons. L'ensemble de notre programme, le mat&#233;riel de lecture, etc. &#224; l'universit&#233;, provenait de l'indologie occidentale traditionnelle, principalement allemande et britannique, en d&#233;pit du projet yougoslave des non-align&#233;s. Le paradoxe est que ce d&#233;partement d'&#233;tudes indiennes a &#233;t&#233; le produit le plus accompli et le plus imm&#233;diat dans le pays d'un projet culturel et &#233;ducatif &#224; long terme non align&#233;, cr&#233;&#233; avec le mouvement des non-align&#233;s comme impulsion et inspiration. Nous avions aussi d'autres d&#233;partements et cours, de langues et de culture indiennes, arabes ou chinoises, etc. dans diverses universit&#233;s, de nombreuses publications et traductions dans des revues, une s&#233;rie de livres de litt&#233;rature mondiale&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti, une s&#233;rie publi&#233;e par Mladost-Liber, &#224; Zagreb.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; dont un volume &#233;tait &lt;i&gt;Asie du Sud : litt&#233;ratures indienne, tib&#233;taine et d'Asie du Sud-Est&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Ju&#382;na Azija : Indijska knji&#382;evnost, tibetska knji&#382;evnost, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, une revue transyougoslave appel&#233;e &lt;i&gt;Kulture istoka&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Cultures de l'est&lt;/i&gt;) &#224; Belgrade, une quantit&#233; de traductions des litt&#233;ratures des pays du sud, chez divers &#233;diteurs et aussi dans de nombreuses revues. J'ai particip&#233; &#224; une grande partie de ces activit&#233;s.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sur la traduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mon objectif est pour beaucoup - &#233;pist&#233;mologique. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
La traduction et la langue (nationale) ou la langue maternelle sont une seule et m&#234;me capacit&#233;, et dans la m&#234;me valise, avec un genre adjug&#233; d'avance. Elles ont &#233;galement un r&#244;le assur&#233;, mais non pr&#233;d&#233;termin&#233; dans la guerre et la violence. Traduire, c'est accueillir l'alt&#233;rit&#233; en soi. Mais adoss&#233; &#224; une &lt;i&gt;politique linguistique officielle&lt;/i&gt;, il pose ou ne peut pas &#233;viter la langue nationale et le genre tels qu'ils sont attribu&#233;s. La d&#233;construction des binaires r&#233;pressifs en tant que machine de guerre constante n&#233;cessite de &lt;i&gt;d&#233;construire les binaires ensemble&lt;/i&gt;, en tant que syst&#232;me dominant de dichotomies r&#233;pressives qui se soutiennent ind&#233;fectiblement les unes les autres : le genre r&#233;duit au masculin et au f&#233;minin, le corps et l'&#226;me/l'esprit, l'identit&#233; comme construction (toujours en conflit avec une &lt;i&gt;autre&lt;/i&gt; et la produisant), la race, la citoyennet&#233; (par opposition &#224; l'immigr&#233; sans-papiers ou ill&#233;gal), la folie et la rectitude, l'est et l'ouest ou le nord et le sud, les nationalismes oppos&#233;s, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les nationalismes et la souverainet&#233; &lt;i&gt;renforcent toujours la division genr&#233;e et nationale/ethnique et de classe des soci&#233;t&#233;s, ainsi que d'autres clivages&lt;/i&gt;. Bien que le genre soit un concept ambigu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Dans cet article, je m'appuie &#233;galement sur mon article pr&#233;c&#233;dent &#171; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, je consid&#232;re que la nation et le nationalisme sont mortels, surtout de nos jours, associ&#233;s &#224; des masculinit&#233;s toxiques et &#224; des concepts de souverainet&#233;s toxiques. La d&#233;sambigu&#239;sation de nos termes devrait &#233;galement aider &#224; &lt;i&gt;d&#233;construire et &#224; arr&#234;ter la guerre&lt;/i&gt;, en particulier le &lt;i&gt;guerroiement permanent&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;J'utilise mes propres concepts (&#171; oubli politique &#187;, &#171; effacement &#187;, &#171; histoire inutile &#187;, &#171; &lt;i&gt;partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, &#171; &lt;i&gt;in-com-possibles&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, &#171; politique de la traduction &#187;), dans un contexte o&#249; j'anticipe le partage des savoirs, et o&#249; il est clair que la nation et le genre op&#232;rent ensemble dans le maintien des &lt;i&gt;enclosures de savoirs&lt;/i&gt;. Ceux-ci deviennent cruciaux dans l'&#233;dification de la nation. La langue elle-m&#234;me, en tant qu'&#233;l&#233;ment du r&#233;cit sur la culture nationale, devient un instrument de guerre.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Je viens d'une guerre et d'une langue qui &#233;tait autrefois consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une, avec des &lt;i&gt;standardisations politiques plurielles&lt;/i&gt;, et parfois avec des &#233;critures distinctes. Les diff&#233;rentes uniformisations stylistiques sont &#233;labor&#233;es par des motivations politiques plut&#244;t que linguistiques impos&#233;es par les &#171; identit&#233;s &#187; dominantes. Elles deviennent cruciales dans l'&#233;dification de la nation. La langue elle-m&#234;me, en tant qu'&#233;l&#233;ment du r&#233;cit sur la culture nationale, devient un instrument de guerre. Vous avez maintenant la m&#234;me situation entre l'ukrainien et le russe. &lt;i&gt;Les standardisations nationales des langues font partie des projets de guerre&lt;/i&gt;, d'o&#249; la langue nationale (re)na&#238;t, y compris par s&#233;cession linguistique. Les projets nationaux s'approprient la langue. Les acad&#233;mies nationales se d&#233;clarent propri&#233;taires et d&#233;positaires de la langue nationale et exercent un &lt;i&gt;purisme linguistique&lt;/i&gt;. Ce processus est toujours en cours quarante ans apr&#232;s la guerre en Yougoslavie. Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263;, qui &#233;crivait en croate mod&#233;r&#233;, fait partie d'une g&#233;n&#233;ration d'&#233;crivains qui l'ont compris. Il en va de m&#234;me pour une autre &#233;crivaine importante, Da&#353;a Drndi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Da&#353;a Drndi&#263; (1947-1918), .&#034; id=&#034;nh2-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. La purge a &#233;t&#233; impos&#233;e par les m&#233;dias stigmatisant les &#233;crivains, et en particulier &lt;i&gt;les femmes intellectuelles produites comme sorci&#232;res&lt;/i&gt;, et appel&#233;es sans &#233;quivoque ainsi. Le serbocroate est devenu quatre langues officielles, gr&#226;ce &#224; un changement de nom. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Bien s&#251;r, les gens se comprennent toujours par-dessus les barri&#232;res et parlent une seule langue, mais les nationalistes leur reprochent de le faire. La r&#233;sistance s'appelle &lt;i&gt;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku&lt;/i&gt;, la &#171; D&#233;claration sur une langue commune &#187;)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku : ; anglais :&#034; id=&#034;nh2-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Pas d'innocence de la langue&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mais la langue n'est jamais innocente ni neutre&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Luce Irigaray, Parler n'est jamais neutre, Minuit, 1985.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Nous pratiquons &#224; tout moment le &#171; double langage &#187; entre le langage th&#233;orique et le langage ordinaire : les concepts critiques th&#233;oriques que nous utilisons dans notre travail sont aussi des mots ordinaires dans le langage courant qui ont tendance &#224; &#234;tre normatifs. Utilis&#233;s dans les sciences sociales et l'&#233;ducation, ils seront souvent mal compris. Il semble qu'il n'y ait pas de &lt;i&gt;repr&#233;sentation pure et simple de l'incompl&#233;tude et de l'aspect provisoire de la connaissance ou de la langue&lt;/i&gt;. Notre &#233;poque g&#233;n&#233;rale de &lt;i&gt;confusionnisme&lt;/i&gt; favorise les divagations de jugement et les contresens qui peuvent parfois avoir des effets politiques d&#233;vastateurs. Les guerres commencent aussi par l'utilisation irresponsable et abusive des mots.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Supposons que les &lt;i&gt;sujets r&#233;ciproquement incomplets&lt;/i&gt; traitent des &lt;i&gt;savoirs&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Boaventura De Sousa Santos, Epistemologies of the South. Justice against (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; et des langues &lt;i&gt;r&#233;ciproquement incompl&#232;tes&lt;/i&gt;. Le prendre en compte rend possible la construction solidaire de subjectivit&#233;s polyvalentes &lt;i&gt;qui participent &#224; parts &#233;gales&lt;/i&gt; au partage et au &lt;i&gt;devenir-ensemble&lt;/i&gt;. Il faut pousser un peu plus loin le concept deleuzien de &lt;i&gt;devenir&lt;/i&gt;, jusqu'&#224; &lt;i&gt;devenir ensemble&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;becoming together&lt;/i&gt;). Les savoirs &lt;i&gt;partiels&lt;/i&gt; et les subjectivit&#233;s, rendus subalternes et subordonn&#233;s, sont disqualifi&#233;s, &lt;i&gt;rendus invisibles&lt;/i&gt; ou consid&#233;r&#233;s comme inexistants. Ils deviennent &#171; ill&#233;gitimes &#187; et sont r&#233;duits au silence. Pourtant, le silence peut parfois aussi &#234;tre une ressource. Comme le dit Athena Athanasiou, le silence est &#171; un genre socialement et culturellement d&#233;valoris&#233; &#224; travers lequel des &#171; savoirs subjugu&#233;s &#187; sont mis en &#339;uvre et des discours h&#233;g&#233;moniques potentiellement contest&#233;s.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning. Political Dissidence and the Women in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#187; Nous avons notamment d&#233;couvert, &#233;galement par la lecture d'autres langues et l'ouverture &#224; d'autres visions du monde (&lt;i&gt;cosmovisiones&lt;/i&gt;), que des subjectivit&#233;s diff&#233;rentes (dissidentes, a-souveraines et en devenir par l'action partag&#233;e) peuvent op&#233;rer et &#234;tre efficaces &lt;i&gt;non seulement par la subjectivation&lt;/i&gt; mais aussi par la &lt;i&gt;d&#233;subjectivation&lt;/i&gt; et la &lt;i&gt;d&#233;sidentification&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 254, confirme cette approche que (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Les limites et le partage des connaissances. Le double tranchant des concepts (p. ex., le genre)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'ill&#233;gitimit&#233; des savoirs&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Sur les savoirs h&#233;g&#233;moniques, Boaventura De Sousa Santos, op. cit. 2014 (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; ainsi que des langues incompl&#232;tes, tues et non h&#233;g&#233;moniques, est impos&#233;e dans le capitalisme patriarcal&lt;/i&gt;. Les &lt;i&gt;guerres permanentes&lt;/i&gt; et l'implication de l'Occident et de l'Europe dans celles-ci co&#239;ncident avec la &lt;i&gt;violence constitutive&lt;/i&gt; adress&#233;e aux femmes et aux groupes sociaux vuln&#233;rables &lt;i&gt;de la part de la soci&#233;t&#233; et de l'&#201;tat&lt;/i&gt;, qui s'approprient &#233;galement les savoirs et les langues. Ce sont les femmes, et souvent les femmes et les hommes f&#233;ministes, qui font le lien entre la violence faite aux femmes et la violence aux autres (en temps de guerre, et aujourd'hui, envers les migrants).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Comme l'&#233;crit l'historienne de Belgrade Dubravka Stojanovi&#263;, &#171; [Patriarcat et nationalisme] sont ins&#233;parables. Le nationalisme consid&#232;re la nation comme une famille &#233;largie, comme un lien de sang. (...) C'est pourquoi tout nationalisme doit &#234;tre misogyne, parce que l'apparition m&#234;me des femmes (...) d&#233;truirait cette cr&#233;ation pyramidale autoritaire dans laquelle la hi&#233;rarchie n'est pas remise en question mais ob&#233;ie. Je suis pr&#234;te &#224; aller jusqu'&#224; dire que &lt;i&gt;le nationalisme a &#233;t&#233; invent&#233; comme un moyen de maintenir le patriarcat&lt;/i&gt;, ainsi qu'un moyen d'acqu&#233;rir le pouvoir, de le renforcer, de le pr&#233;server... C'est-&#224;-dire que le nationalisme est utilis&#233; comme un moyen d'immobiliser la soci&#233;t&#233;, pour que le d&#233;veloppement ne vienne jamais, pour &#233;touffer toute modernit&#233;. [...]. Je veux radicaliser cela et ajouter que le maintien de l'ordre patriarcal a &#233;t&#233; l'un des principaux motifs de la d&#233;sint&#233;gration de la Yougoslavie, parce qu'au sein de constructions nationales ferm&#233;es, cet ordre social est beaucoup plus facile &#224; maintenir que dans une communaut&#233; multi ethnique et multiconfessionnelle complexe. Essentiellement, elle pose un d&#233;fi constant &#224; une soci&#233;t&#233; ferm&#233;e et &#224; une matrice patriarcale.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Darko Vujica, &#8220;Intervju sa Dubravkom Stojanovi&#263; : Ni&#353;ta nije ve&#269;no, pa tako (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En m&#234;me temps, corr&#233;lativement et en retour, les femmes et les rebelles soi-disant &#171; faibles et vuln&#233;rables &#187; repr&#233;sentent un &#233;l&#233;ment &lt;i&gt;destituant&lt;/i&gt; et &lt;i&gt;ne peuvent &#234;tre r&#233;duits &#224; une configuration binaire&lt;/i&gt; ou &#224; la configuration socio-politique re&#231;ue et fig&#233;e, couronn&#233;e par la souverainet&#233;. C'est parce que leur subordination repr&#233;sente la base et la condition constitutive du syst&#232;me, mais leur &lt;i&gt;insubordination destitutive&lt;/i&gt; (d&#233;poss&#233;d&#233;e de la souverainet&#233;) dessine les contours d'un pouvoir, bien que formellement non souverain et non reconnu&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 19.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il y a des sujets consid&#233;r&#233;s comme &#171; vuln&#233;rables &#187;, &#171; ab&#238;m&#233;s &#187;, &#171; incomplets &#187; ou rendus invisibles dans le courant dominant. &#192; des degr&#233;s divers, &lt;i&gt;tous les sujets sont n&#233;cessairement &#171; incomplets &#187;&lt;/i&gt;, car la port&#233;e possible de notre subjectivit&#233; est in&#233;puisable. Historiquement, la subjectivit&#233; a &#233;t&#233; socialement et politiquement ni&#233;e ou entrav&#233;e chez les femmes et les personnes marginalis&#233;es, ainsi que dans les continents colonis&#233;s. Quelle que soit l'&#233;tendue des sujets, ils ont besoin de se rassembler et ils ont besoin d'alli&#233;s et d'un front plus large. C'est l&#224; qu'intervient la &#171; &lt;i&gt;d&#233;m&#233;morisation&lt;/i&gt; &#187; &lt;i&gt;syst&#233;matique&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;systematic &#8220;disremembering&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;), &#8220;&lt;i&gt;d&#233;m&#233;morisation&lt;/i&gt;&#8221; de divers sujets&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Jie-Hyun Lim, &#8220;Mnemonic Solidarity in the Global Memory Space&#8221;, global-e. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. De plus, beaucoup d'&#233;pist&#233;m&#232;mes non occidentales non seulement &lt;i&gt;ne cultivent pas&lt;/i&gt; particuli&#232;rement le concept de sujet (tout en le &lt;i&gt;subsumant&lt;/i&gt; dans le sens de le &#171; &lt;i&gt;sous-comprendre&lt;/i&gt; &#187;, &lt;i&gt;sub-understanding&lt;/i&gt;). Ils privil&#233;gient plut&#244;t les sujets collectifs ou du moins ne les perdent pas de vue, car ils n'entretiennent pas l'individualisme extr&#234;me connu de l'occident et du nord (modernes).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;La souverainet&#233; &#233;tatique autosuffisante et syst&#233;mique, largement imaginaire pour la plupart, qui change aujourd'hui de fonction et de port&#233;e pour se maintenir &#233;galement dans des unions r&#233;gionales telles que l'Union europ&#233;enne (UE), renforce aussi la division genr&#233;e des soci&#233;t&#233;s consid&#233;r&#233;es comme naturelles, ainsi que les &lt;i&gt;savoirs prescrits&lt;/i&gt;, et donc aussi la subordination des femmes entre autres. La r&#233;sistance du courant dominant ou l'&#233;tablissement du pouvoir en tant que tel recourt &#224; la reproduction de mod&#232;les binaires, y compris nouveaux.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les binaires implant&#233;s dans les esprits sont l&#224; pour pr&#233;tendre &#224; l'&#233;quivalence et &#224; l'&#233;galit&#233; dans les sym&#233;tries, mais ils tentent en r&#233;alit&#233; de renforcer la hi&#233;rarchie, la verticalit&#233; et la domination &#224; chaque tournant, ainsi que l'h&#233;g&#233;monie&lt;/i&gt;. Ils &lt;i&gt;cimentent &#233;galement l'effacement&lt;/i&gt; des savoirs alternatifs. Cette subordination maintenue en permanence et r&#233;guli&#232;rement mise &#224; jour est rendue invisible afin d'&#234;tre efficace. L'Union europ&#233;enne, mais aussi d'autres pays, dicte une amn&#233;sie politique s&#233;lective du point de vue de l'apr&#232;s-guerre froide actuelle et du triomphalisme n&#233;olib&#233;ral. C'est le choix de l'ethno-nationalisme et du populisme par l'UE qui conduit &#224; son renfermement. Le concept &lt;i&gt;du politique&lt;/i&gt; est devenu &lt;i&gt;normatif&lt;/i&gt;. L'histoire prenant en compte les femmes, les &#171; extraterrestres &#187; et les autres esp&#232;ces, mais en premier lieu &lt;i&gt;la vie et le vivant&lt;/i&gt;, sera donc n&#233;cessairement intersectionnelle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'&lt;i&gt;histoire inutile&lt;/i&gt; est alors un &#171; oubli politique &#187; m&#233;thodique et un musellement, un effacement programm&#233; de cette histoire pass&#233;e qui n'a pas conduit &#224; l'&#233;tat actuel des choses, ou &#224; des histoires alternatives. Cela concerne particuli&#232;rement l'histoire des nationalit&#233;s non dominantes et d'autres &#171; identit&#233;s &#187;, alors qu'il est plus pernicieux en ce qui concerne le genre et l'histoire des femmes, &lt;i&gt;car la subordination des femmes est beaucoup plus ancienne&lt;/i&gt; que toute autre, et &lt;i&gt;n'a jamais &#233;t&#233; effac&#233;e de l'assemblage mental&lt;/i&gt; en tant que possibilit&#233; imaginative. Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; en d&#233;voile quelque chose dans ses essais, et en particulier dans son extraordinaire &lt;i&gt;Brnjica za vje&#353;tice&lt;/i&gt;, &#171; Une museli&#232;re pour les sorci&#232;res &#187; (&#233;crit avec Merima Omeragi&#263;). Silvia Federici, qui a admirablement travaill&#233; sur les &#171; sorci&#232;res &#187; historiques et l'inquisition, aussi.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Seul le sc&#233;nario officiel ou dominant qui a effectivement conduit directement &#224; la situation d'aujourd'hui, consid&#233;r&#233;e comme paradigmatique et l&#233;gitime, sera rem&#233;mor&#233;, rappel&#233; ou &#233;voqu&#233;, dans sa forme la plus r&#233;ductrice et la plus grossi&#232;re. Le genre appara&#238;t ici comme un terme instable &lt;i&gt;&#224; double face&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;double front&lt;/i&gt;), &#233;trangement parfois identifi&#233; aux &#171; femmes &#187; elles-m&#234;mes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;J'ai travaill&#233; ailleurs sur le rapport entre genre et sexualit&#233;, ce qui est (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Il r&#233;v&#232;le des histoires alternatives, comme l'histoire des femmes, mais aussi l'histoire de nos disciplines et de nos sujets de recherche. Les grilles/registres de l'appareil conceptuel ordonnant nos savoirs interagissent et &lt;i&gt;sont isomorphes avec notre organisation sociale et nos hi&#233;rarchies&lt;/i&gt;. Les m&#234;mes in&#233;galit&#233;s sont &#224; l'&#339;uvre dans la sph&#232;re sociale &lt;i&gt;et&lt;/i&gt; entre nos disciplines, ainsi que dans les savoirs th&#233;oriques. De nos jours, cela se passe dans le cadre d'un &lt;i&gt;confusionnisme&lt;/i&gt; &#233;pist&#233;mologique g&#233;n&#233;ral et d'intelligence artificielle aussi, auxquels nous sommes confront&#233;s dans l'opinion publique, qui s'appuie sur tous les fronts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Le non alignement contre le binarisme des blocs est-ouest et peut-&#234;tre aussi d'autres binarismes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans les ann&#233;es 1960-1970, le &lt;i&gt;Mouvement des non-align&#233;s&lt;/i&gt; (MNA), aujourd'hui une histoire inutile mais n&#233;anmoins un concept puissant, efficace &#224; l'&#233;poque dans la politique internationale et &#224; l'ONU, &#224; travers la CNUCED&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;CNUCED : Conf&#233;rence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le d&#233;veloppement.&#034; id=&#034;nh2-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; etc., &#233;tait &lt;i&gt;un projet politique transnational et translationnel commun&lt;/i&gt;, complexe et social, culturel, comprenant l'id&#233;e d'une &#233;galit&#233; internationale entre les &#201;tats et d'un nouvel ordre &#233;conomique mondial juste. Il rejetait les deux blocs de l'&#233;poque et soutenait l'anticolonialisme, l'anti-imp&#233;rialisme, l'antiracisme, l'annulation de la dette des pays pauvres, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Il proclamait l'&#233;galit&#233; des sexes en principe, mais l'a fait attendre &#233;ternellement comme le reste des formations patriarcales. C'&#233;tait un bon projet &#224; l'&#233;poque, et il y aurait beaucoup &#224; en apprendre, surtout aujourd'hui (2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Paul Stubbs (dir.), Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). L'&#233;mergence d'un march&#233; mondial &#224; partir des ann&#233;es 1960, contemporain du MNA et d'une division internationale du travail, a favoris&#233; une division sexuelle accrue du travail.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ignorance. &lt;i&gt;D&#233;paysement&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'UE, par exemple, a largement laiss&#233; tomber ses femmes et d'autres groupes (puisque la violence meurtri&#232;re &#224; l'&#233;gard des femmes se poursuit, tout comme l'in&#233;galit&#233; de facto, malgr&#233; de grandes avanc&#233;es juridiques et morales). Ceux-ci se constituent ainsi en sujets. Les femmes et les migrants, deux &#233;l&#233;ments &lt;i&gt;politiquement &#8216;destituants' ou d&#233;-constituants&lt;/i&gt; et bouleversants, ainsi que tous ceux qui sont dans l'opposition, ont int&#233;r&#234;t &#224; s'associer tout en s'&#233;difiant, dans un esprit de solidarit&#233; et de luttes de r&#233;sistance par lesquelles ils/elles &lt;i&gt;se construisent ensemble&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; en tant que sujets, &#224; la fois collectifs et singuliers.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nous assistons &#224; des &lt;i&gt;changements de fronti&#232;res et &#224; des partitions de pays&lt;/i&gt; (ou parfois &#224; des recompositions) y compris en Europe, &lt;i&gt;tous li&#233;s aux violences faites aux femmes et aux &#171; &#233;trangers &#187;&lt;/i&gt;. Un dernier exemple est la guerre contre l'Ukraine. La question des fronti&#232;res appara&#238;t dans les projets souverainistes de &lt;i&gt;nouveaux nationalismes exclusifs&lt;/i&gt;, y compris dans ce qui est aujourd'hui consid&#233;r&#233; comme une &#171; histoire inutile &#187;. L'injonction h&#233;g&#233;monique occidentale propose aux pays du Sud et postsocialistes de &#171; rattraper &#187; les pays riches, et aux femmes de rattraper leur &#171; retard &#187; par rapport aux hommes et de se conformer &#224; leur imagination, tout le reste &#233;tant histoire inutile, et effac&#233;e. D'autre part, l'histoire utile est aujourd'hui le redoublement de la &lt;i&gt;conversion au capitalisme n&#233;olib&#233;ral et &#224; la mondialisation capitaliste&lt;/i&gt;. L'oubli politique organis&#233; est au service de cette entreprise, qui inclut &#233;galement le &lt;i&gt;monolinguisme&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#8220;Je n'ai qu'une langue, et elle n'est pas la mienne&#8221;. Jacques Derrida, Le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh2-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;l'amn&#233;sie&lt;/i&gt; ou &lt;i&gt;l'interdiction/rejet des langues qui ont &#233;t&#233; construites comme &#233;trang&#232;res&lt;/i&gt;, ainsi qu'une d&#233;politisation de la langue.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Rada Ivekovi&#263;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Traduit de l'original anglais par l'autrice (avec l'aide de DeepL Translator)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &#224; suivre &#8211;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Une version du pr&#233;sent document, intitul&#233;e &#171; Radical Togetherness and Non-Binarism for Caring, Sharing and Survival &#187;, a &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;sent&#233;e comme conf&#233;rence d'ouverture de la &#171; S&#233;rie de conf&#233;rences Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; &#187; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&lt;/a&gt; &#224; l'Universit&#233; de Vienne, D&#233;partement d'histoire, le 11 octobre 2023, &#224; l'invitation de la professeure Zs&#243;fia L&#243;r&#225;nd, qui m'honore. Je la remercie de sa coop&#233;ration et de l'occasion qu'elle m'a donn&#233;e de discuter de mes id&#233;es anti-guerre et anti-violence et apparent&#233;es depuis une position f&#233;ministe philosophique. L'article est en ligne en anglais et fran&#231;ais (cette derni&#232;re version, en deux parties) sur &lt;i&gt;ici-et-ailleurs&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://ici-et-ailleurs.org/contributions/politique-et-subjectivation/article/radical-togetherness-and-non&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://ici-et-ailleurs.org/contributions/politique-et-subjectivation/article/radical-togetherness-and-non&lt;/a&gt; et, en anglais, sur &lt;i&gt;trans-planet.org&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.trans-planet.org/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.trans-planet.org/&lt;/a&gt; ou &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.trans-planet.org/publications&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.trans-planet.org/publications&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Voir le cas des citoyens &#171; effac&#233;s &#187; originaires d'autres r&#233;publiques yougoslaves vivant en Slov&#233;nie au moment de l'ind&#233;pendance dans les ann&#233;es 1990, par exemple J. Dedi&#263;, V. Jalu&#353;i&#269; et J. Zorn, &lt;i&gt;The Erased&lt;/i&gt;, Ljubljana, Mirovni in&#353;titut 2003 ; &#233;galement Sandro Mezzadra et Brett Neilson, &lt;i&gt;Borders as Method, or, The Multiplication of Labor&lt;/i&gt;, Durham, Duke University Press, 2013 ; ainsi que le concept de non-existence de B. De Sousa Santos dans une grande partie de ses &#233;crits, par lequel les &#171; effac&#233;s &#187; sont rendus invisibles et condamn&#233;s &#224; la non-existence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, voir &#171; Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, and Certain Scenes of Teaching &#187;, &lt;i&gt;Diacritics&lt;/i&gt;, 32, n&#176;3-4, d&#233;cembre 2004 ; &#171; Speaking for the Humanities &#187;, &lt;i&gt;Occasion : Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities&lt;/i&gt; 1, n&#176; 1 (15 octobre 2009), &lt;a href=&#034;https://arcade.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/occv01i01_Spivak_3.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://arcade.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/occv01i01_Spivak_3.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#034;Polo&#382;aj &#382;ene (u okviru strategije socijalnog razvoja u svijetu)&#034; (1979 : &lt;i&gt;La position des femmes (dans le cadre de la strat&#233;gie de d&#233;veloppement social dans le monde) et&lt;/i&gt; &#171; Pretpostavke za suradnju na polju kulture i obrazovanja s obzirom na doma&#263;u politi&#269;ku, dru&#353;tvenu i ekonomsku orijentaciju &#187; (1982 : &lt;i&gt;Hypoth&#232;ses pour la coop&#233;ration dans le domaine de la culture et de l'&#233;ducation en ce qui concerne l'orientation politique, sociale et &#233;conomique dans le pays)&lt;/i&gt;. Ce dernier texte faisait partie d'un ouvrage collectif intitul&#233; &lt;i&gt;Pregled privredne suradnje SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&lt;/i&gt; (&#171; Un aper&#231;u de la coop&#233;ration &#233;conomique entre la RS de Croatie et le pays en voie de developpement &#187;), comme partie du projet &#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; (&lt;i&gt;Pour am&#233;liorer la coop&#233;ration entre l'&#233;conomie de la R&#233;publique socialiste de Croatie et les pays en d&#233;veloppement&lt;/i&gt;). Les deux furent &#233;crits dans le cadre de mon travail &#224; l'Institut za zemlje u razvoju de Zagreb (Institut pour les pays en d&#233;veloppement, anciennement appel&#233; Institut pour l'Afrique). Apr&#232;s l'Institut, je suis all&#233;e travailler r&#233;guli&#232;rement au D&#233;partement de philosophie de l'Universit&#233; de Zagreb (Filozofski fakultet), donnant des cours sur les philosophies asiatiques aux &#233;tudiants en philosophie et en indianisme, ainsi que des cours sur les philosophies occidentales. J'avais d&#233;j&#224; enseign&#233; auparavant en tant qu'&#171; assistante b&#233;n&#233;vole &#187; &#224; la Facult&#233; de philosophie.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Konstantinovi&#263; (1928-2011), un auteur qui m'accompagne encore aujourd'hui : &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Konstantinovi%C4%&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Konstantinovi%C4%&lt;/a&gt; ; &lt;i&gt;The Philosophy of Parochialism&lt;/i&gt;, dir. &amp; intro. Branislav Jakovljevi&#263;, trad. Ljiljana Nikoli&#263; &amp; Branislav Jakovljevi&#263;, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2021. Premier r&#233;sultat : Ivekovi&#263;, &lt;i&gt;La balcanizzazione della ragione&lt;/i&gt;, Manifestolibri, Rome 1995 ; et aussi : &lt;i&gt;Autopsia dei Balcani. Saggio di psicopolitica&lt;/i&gt;, Raffaello Cortina, Milan 1999.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Une &#233;cole informelle de philosophie et de sciences sociales marxistes humanistes non conventionnelles en Yougoslavie dans les ann&#233;es 1960, qui a publi&#233; la revue &lt;i&gt;Praxis&lt;/i&gt; et organis&#233; des &#233;coles d'&#233;t&#233; internationales sur l'&#238;le de Kor&#269;ula jusqu'en 1974.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Voir un projet similaire dans &lt;i&gt;Alienocene. Journal of the first Outernational&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://alienocene.com/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://alienocene.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; ou &lt;i&gt;Am&#233;liorer la coop&#233;ration entre l'&#233;conomie de la R&#233;publique de Croatie et celle des pays en voie de d&#233;veloppement&lt;/i&gt; (dans le volume 1, n&#176; 3/4 de l'ann&#233;e 1981), intitul&#233; &#034;Pregled privredne suradnje SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034;, (&#171; Panorama de la coop&#233;ration &#233;conomique entre la R&#233;publique socialiste de Croatie et les pays en d&#233;veloppement &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti&lt;/i&gt;, une s&#233;rie publi&#233;e par Mladost-Liber, &#224; Zagreb.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Ju&#382;na Azija : Indijska knji&#382;evnost, tibetska knji&#382;evnost, knji&#382;evnosti jugoisto&#269;ne Azije&#034; in &lt;i&gt;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti&lt;/i&gt; 1 , dir. par Svetozar Petrovi&#263;, Mladost-Liber, Zagreb, 1982.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Dans cet article, je m'appuie &#233;galement sur mon article pr&#233;c&#233;dent &#171; Programmed political forgetting &#187; de la conf&#233;rence &#171; Traffic in Gender. Usages politiques de la traduction &#224; l'int&#233;rieur, &#224; l'ext&#233;rieur et contre le milieu universitaire &#187;, organis&#233; par Eric Fassin, Marta Segarra et Ilana Eloit &#224; l'unit&#233; de recherche Legs, au CNRS, aux Universit&#233;s de Nanterre et de Paris-8, du 12 au 14 avril 2022. Vous pouvez le trouver sur ma page de &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.academia.edu&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;www.academia.edu&lt;/a&gt; sous la rubrique &#171; Talks &#187; : &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.academia.edu/74631145/IVEKOVI%C4%86_Programmed_political_forgetting&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.academia.edu/74631145/IVEKOVI%C4%86_Programmed_political_forgetting&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Da&#353;a Drndi&#263; (1947-1918), &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Drndi%C4%87&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Drndi%C4%87&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku : &lt;a href=&#034;https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/&lt;/a&gt; ; anglais : &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Luce Irigaray, &lt;i&gt;Parler n'est jamais neutre&lt;/i&gt;, Minuit, 1985.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Boaventura De Sousa Santos, &lt;i&gt;Epistemologies of the South. Justice against epistemicide&lt;/i&gt;, London-New York, Routledge 2014 ; &lt;i&gt;The End of the Cognitive Empire. The Coming of Age of Epistemologies of the South&lt;/i&gt;, Durham &amp; London, Duke University Press 2018.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning. Political Dissidence and the Women in Black&lt;/i&gt;, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017, p. 232.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 254, confirme cette approche que je pratique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Sur les savoirs h&#233;g&#233;moniques, Boaventura De Sousa Santos, &lt;i&gt;op. cit.&lt;/i&gt; 2014 &amp; 2018.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Darko Vujica, &#8220;Intervju sa Dubravkom Stojanovi&#263; : Ni&#353;ta nije ve&#269;no, pa tako ni nacije&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Prometej&lt;/i&gt;, 31-1-2022, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/intervju/intervju-sa-dubravkom-stojanovic-nista-nije-vecno-pa-tako-ni-nacije-5153&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/intervju/intervju-sa-dubravkom-stojanovic-nista-nije-vecno-pa-tako-ni-nacije-5153&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Jie-Hyun Lim, &#8220;Mnemonic Solidarity in the Global Memory Space&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;global-e. Global Dynamics&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
12, no. 4, January 31, 2019, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.21global.ucsb.edu/global-e/january-2019/mnemonic&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.21global.ucsb.edu/global-e/january-2019/mnemonic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; solidarity-global-memory-space ; &#8220;Triple Victimhood : On the Mnemonic Confluence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crime, and Colonial Genocide&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Genocide Research&lt;/i&gt;, 13 avril 2020, https://doi .org/10.1080/14623528 .202.1750822, et &#8220;Victimhood Nationalism and History Reconciliation in East Asia&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Academia.edu&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.academia.edu/2700211/Victimhood&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.academia.edu/2700211/Victimhood&lt;/a&gt; Nationalism and History Reconciliation_in East Asia ?emailworkcard=view&#8211;paper&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;J'ai travaill&#233; ailleurs sur le rapport entre &lt;i&gt;genre&lt;/i&gt; et &lt;i&gt;sexualit&#233;&lt;/i&gt;, ce qui est particuli&#232;rement pertinent en fran&#231;ais o&#249; la confusion &#224; propos est grande. Pour faire court, permettez-moi de dire que les deux concepts sont m&#233;diatis&#233;s pour nous par le premier, et non par le second. C'est &#224; travers des spectacles sociaux que nous voyons &#224; la fois des r&#233;alit&#233;s sociales et &#171; naturelles &#187;. Ce mod&#232;le binaire ne tient pas vraiment, bien que nous l'utilisions dans le f&#233;minisme pour faire comprendre que la discrimination des femmes n'est pas dict&#233;e par la nature. De plus, le binaire fonctionne diff&#233;remment dans diff&#233;rentes langues. Ce qui signifie cependant que nous devons d&#233;fendre les &#233;tudes de genre et les &#233;tudes sur les femmes sous le feu des critiques.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;CNUCED : Conf&#233;rence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le d&#233;veloppement.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Paul Stubbs (dir.), &lt;i&gt;Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement. Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries&lt;/i&gt;, Montreal &amp; Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb2-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh2-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 2-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#8220;Je n'ai qu'une langue, et elle n'est pas la mienne&#8221;. Jacques Derrida, &lt;i&gt;Le monolinguisme de l'autre&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Galil&#233;e 1996- &amp; 2016, p. 13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Radical Togetherness and Non-Binarism for Caring, Sharing and Survival</title>
		<link>https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=1254</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=1254</guid>
		<dc:date>2024-01-24T09:38:47Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Rada Ivekovi&#263;</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Opening Lecture of the &#8220;Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; Lecture Series&#8221; https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Wednesday, 11 October 2023, Universit&#228;t Wien, Aula am Campus, Altes AKH, Hof 1, Spitalgasse 2&#8211;4, 1090 Wien. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Dedicated to the memory of Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
*** Provincialism &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
In this paper, i see the gender and cold war dichotomies as part of the same complex system of binaries that govern hegemony and domination, and produce war. Since, at a young age, i (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=rubrique&amp;id_rubrique=16" rel="directory"&gt;Politique et subjectivation&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Opening Lecture of the &#8220;Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; Lecture Series&#8221; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Wednesday, 11 October 2023, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Universit&#228;t Wien, Aula am Campus, Altes AKH, Hof 1, Spitalgasse 2&#8211;4, 1090 Wien.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Dedicated to the memory of Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A version of the present paper, under the title &#8220;Radical Togetherness and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Provincialism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this paper, i see the gender and cold war dichotomies as part of the same complex &lt;i&gt;system of binaries&lt;/i&gt; that govern hegemony and domination, and produce war. Since, at a young age, i realized the discomfort and oddity of being born a girl, i have been trying to circumvent the gender binarity &lt;i&gt;sealed in language&lt;/i&gt;, and preferred a &lt;i&gt;fluid&lt;/i&gt; gender to the masculine and feminine, fixed ones. Likewise with other binaries and &#8220;identities&#8221;. Binaries tend to support and reinforce each other, and to produce the &lt;i&gt;perception&lt;/i&gt; of a bipolar or split world, which amounts to reality presenting itself as &#8211; and becoming &#8211; (as if) dichotomic. Thereby &lt;i&gt;politics&lt;/i&gt;, or political thinking reveals itself as insufficient, and &lt;i&gt;disappears&lt;/i&gt;, in ready made formulae that eschew the world's complexity and abandon any hope through utopia. Non dual categories do exist, but present themselves as an incomprehensible chaos of anti-system options galore, where &#8211; progress is not guaranteed by the political process any more. Only binaries ensure some sort of stability, at the price of nuanced reading of a situation. When there are only two poles, one of them, in being alternative, is made subaltern, which is hidden by the apparent symmetry. I noticed the erasure of alternatives, projects, narratives, translations and languages through a dichotomy dialectics, especially after 1989, including the erasure of other people&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See the case of the &#8220;erased&#8221; citizens from other Yugoslav republics living (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. One of the many agents of erasure is abstract universalism : in many cases, what we get through the universalisation of a dichotomic nationalist paradigm relying on misogyny, is only the overinflated provincializing of the said nationalism. Whatever comes as the carrier or a representative of patriarchal hegemony, is the overinflating &lt;i&gt;provincializing of historically dominant masculinity&lt;/i&gt;, regularly bound to nationalism. Every other option is then rendered illegitimate, and erased. Epistemologically, our impoverished political vocabulary signals the degradation to a general confusionality, depoliticisation, desemanticisation. The war-machine operates through language too. This happens in a world where accepted and generalised gender discrimination is &lt;i&gt;constitutive&lt;/i&gt; of the general non-egalitarian system of nation states, and sustains, as a pattern, all other inequalities and injustices. This must stop, not only for the sake of women. Proceeding from &lt;i&gt;discontinuities, as a non-species, non-nation, non-identity, non-gender, as i propose&lt;/i&gt;, we would give the other species, genders, individuals, other options and &#8220;foreigners&#8221;, the same chances that we have : &lt;i&gt;only then&lt;/i&gt; would &lt;i&gt;we too&lt;/i&gt; be safe, &lt;i&gt;inasmuch as others are safe&lt;/i&gt; with us&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, see &#8220;Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Femmage&lt;/i&gt; to Dubravka&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My &lt;i&gt;femmage&lt;/i&gt; that goes to Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; will not have the form of a paper about her work, but of some &lt;i&gt;remarks enabled also by her writing&lt;/i&gt;, as well as by others. It is &lt;i&gt;togetherness&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;interdependence&lt;/i&gt;, relying on others, that makes us work, feel and think jointly, which could be a part of a project of feminist pacifist ethics. Dubravka had literary tools to deal with, while i was in philosophy. By the end of her life, she had completely understood and deconstructed nationalist-and-misogynous mechanisms without any need of philosophy. I actually believe in the advantages of literature over philosophy in many ways. I am not a specialist on Dubravka or on Yugoslav literatures, but i had been her reader and friend. In an unexpected and retroactive manner, Dubravka has taught me essential things about life &lt;i&gt;because&lt;/i&gt; of her peculiar and uninhibited facing of death, that i deem admirable, and respect. She is the only person i know whose death is not defeat. She had been contemplating death singlehandedly, without wanting to burden anyone. I am most indebted to her in &lt;i&gt;also this&lt;/i&gt; retrospective lesson. Much of it came as an unexpected and extravagant gift of awareness over the grave.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I was recently reading two papers of mine written some forty years ago&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#034;Polo&#382;aj &#382;ene (u okviru strategije socijalnog razvoja u svijetu)&#034; (1979 : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. My work at the Institute for developing countries in Zagreb as well as these papers come after the important historic event of a feminist international conference in 1978 in Belgrade, at the Students' cultural centre. The next most important feminist conference took place in 2015 in Sarajevo, organised by Women in Black. Dubravka didn't take part in any, but benefitted, as the whole generation, from this critical atmosphere, &lt;i&gt;air du temps&lt;/i&gt;. It made her strong, resistant and courageous.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I am now struck by my vocabulary of that time (as part of the generally used political language). It is a jargon full of socialist and non-aligned clich&#233;s i must say, although i still agree to many of those ideas. In the same way, today's political language will appear as antiquated and insufficient soon. Only after the collapse of Yugoslavia did i realise how a mainstream terminology that one unconsciously uses, works &lt;i&gt;within&lt;/i&gt;, limiting one's political imagination. I had been musing on this, on language, translation and epistemology ever since. After the collapse of Yugoslavia and as i migrated to France, i felt that i lack a language making sense, but also that the French, and everyone else, were likewise stuck in the post-1989 mental-politico-linguistic circumstances after the historical cold war, with frozen ideological &#171; scientific &#187; jargons. At a four decades distance, i could re-read my own early papers as someone else's and from within &#171; capitalism &#187;. I discovered that people living in the former west as triumphant, didn't necessarily have the privilege of a comparable dispassion/detachment that we had been exposed to in 1989. The cold war division was real and still holding. &lt;i&gt;We were all abandoning the cold war binary&lt;/i&gt; governed by the exclusion of third and plural options, &lt;i&gt;but had not found a new shared vocabulary and world-map yet&lt;/i&gt;. That is how and why i resorted to the author Radomir Konstantinovi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Konstantinovi&#263; (1928-2011), an author who accompanies me to this day : . (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Later, Boaventura de Sousa Santos was and still is valuable on that issue. So are many others, especially feminist reinterpreters of history such as eye openers Silvia Federici and others. Somehow, patriarchy was and still is tacitly tolerated and only very generally critiqued, never seen as &lt;i&gt;constitutive of all inequalities&lt;/i&gt; and governing them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is through the Yugoslav war that we became political in a new manner. One learns geography and politics when a war hits. &lt;i&gt;Twenty years before it&lt;/i&gt;, thanks among others to Konstantinovi&#263;'s guidance, to Praxis philosophers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;An informal school of Marxist humanist non-mainstream philosophy and social (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; i was a student of (partly relying on them but partly resisting them), i and others were already political through dealing with women's issues, contesting both social practices as well as challenging state dogmas. Our becoming political was gradual. We learned about nationalism, its entanglement with, and support from, patriarchy only through the war, having been raised on the transnational ideology of wishful &#171; brotherhood and unity &#187; (&lt;i&gt;bratstvo i jedinstvo&lt;/i&gt;) which made us blind to any manifestation of nationalism. We also realised that nationalism, that was to define the Yugoslav conflict, was an instrumental, purposeful populism with no particular ideology of its own but misogyny combined with producing enemies transformed into &#171; others &#187;, other nationals, but actually serving other purposes : gaining and keeping political and economic power in its, at that time, only available form &#8211; the nation, as well as male domination within a new hegemony that was hurriedly constructed in utter violence. The philosophical issue to study here is how war and violence to women and other subalterns are constitutive, structural and linked in reciprocal support.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When i first met Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; in the seventies, she was ironic, satirical and &#171; weird &#187; (somewhat in the sense of the Russian modern concept of &lt;i&gt;ostranenie&lt;/i&gt;, of which she was fond), as an already recognised author, rather than directly political. At that time, she rejected the accusation and label of feminism, thrown at her and others as an allegation. She tried to divest herself from it, as was usually the case in the mainstream. Soon to be declared a witch with others, through a violent misogynous media campaign in 1992 in early Croatia and Yugoslavia, she gradually transformed her &lt;i&gt;freaky &#171; witch &#187;&lt;/i&gt; tag into her force of resistance, wearing it proudly in essayistic combat. She didn't join the trans-yugoslav academic feminist movement in the seventies. This is comprehensible, and she cannot be blamed for it. We adopt different and isolated individual strategies in order to resist social or state repression, in the case of women also because solidarity among them has historically been discouraged in order to keep them secluded within separate families. Unlike men's, their model has not been universalised. But she was too intelligent to stay put. Observing the ugly warmongering politics, she soon discovered that misogyny was inherent in nationalism, which she detested and critiqued. Dubravka soon and purposely earned herself a trans-national status or, as she said, a profile &lt;i&gt;out-of-nation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See a like project in Alienocene. Journal of the first Outernational,&#034; id=&#034;nh3-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Her political education, like everyone else's at that time, came to a great extent from the war. She became daring and outspoken politically out of necessity, indignation and nerve, in particular in her critique of nationalisms, of historical misogyny and femicides and of the politics of post-yugoslav states.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the second of my two mentioned papers of that time written for the Institute&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; or (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, i had attempted a timid critique of the curriculum of the Department of indian studies i had studied at in Zagreb (and after which i had been to India 1970-1972 for a doctorate in buddhist philosophy). Beyond university, i had access to some first elements of subaltern and postcolonial studies in real time, and learned from them. Our whole programme, reading material etc. at university came from traditional western, mainly German and UK indology, in spite of the Yugoslav Non-aligned project. The paradox is that &lt;i&gt;that&lt;/i&gt; Department of Indian studies was the most accomplished and immediate product in the country of a long-term non-aligned cultural-educational project, created with the Non-aligned movement as its impulse and inspiration. We also had other departments and courses, of Indian, Arabic or Chinese languages and culture etc. at various universities, many publications and translations in journals, a series of world literature books&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti, a series published by Mladost-Liber, in Zagreb.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; of which one volume was &lt;i&gt;Southern Asia : Indian, Tibetan, and south-east Asian literatures&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Ju&#382;na Azija : Indijska knji&#382;evnost, tibetska knji&#382;evnost, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, a trans-yugoslav journal called &lt;i&gt;Kulture istoka&lt;/i&gt; in Belgrade, a quantity of translations of literature from southern countries, with various publishers and also in many journals. I was involved in much of this&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About translation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My purpose is to a great deal epistemological. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Translation and (the national) language or mother tongue come as one and the same capacity, and in the same package with predetermined gender. They have a non-predetermined role in war and violence too. Translation means welcoming otherness in oneself. But backed by an &lt;i&gt;official language policy&lt;/i&gt;, it poses or cannot avoid - the national language and gender as given. Deconstructing repressive binaries as a steady war machine requires &lt;i&gt;deconstructing them together&lt;/i&gt;, as a dominant system of repressive dichotomies that unfalteringly support each other : gender reduced to only masculine and feminine, body and soul/spirit, identity as construction (always conflicting with another and producing it,), race, citizenship (as opposed to undocumented or illegal immigrant), madness and straightness, east and west or north and south, opposed nationalisms etc. Nationalisms and sovereignty always &lt;i&gt;reinforce the gendered and national/ethnic and class division of societies, as well as other cleavages&lt;/i&gt;. While gender is an ambiguous concept&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In this paper, i shall also be drawing on my previous paper &#8220;Programmed (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, i take both nation and nationalism to be lethal especially nowadays, associated with toxic masculinities and toxic sovereignties. The disambiguation of our terms should also help in &lt;i&gt;deconstructing and stopping war&lt;/i&gt;, in particular &lt;i&gt;permanent war-faring&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
I use my own concepts (&#8220;political forgetting&#8221;, &#8220;erasure&#8221;, &#8220;useless history&#8221;, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;in-com-possibles&lt;/i&gt;&#8221;, &#8220;politics of translation&#8221;), in a context where i anticipate sharing knowledges, and where it is clear that nation and gender operate together in maintaining &lt;i&gt;knowledge enclosures&lt;/i&gt;. These become crucial in nation building. The language itself, as part of the narrative on national culture, becomes a war instrument.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I come from a war and from a language that was once considered one, with &lt;i&gt;plural political standardisations&lt;/i&gt;, and sometimes with distinct scripts. The different stylistic standardisations are worked out by political rather than linguistic motivations originating in the mainstream dominant ruled &#8220;identities&#8221;. They become crucial in nation building. The language itself as part of the narrative on national culture, becomes a war instrument. You now have the same situation between ukrainian and russian. &lt;i&gt;National standardisations of languages are part of the war projects&lt;/i&gt;, out of which the national language is (re)born, including by linguistic secession. National projects appropriate the language. National Academies declare themselves the national language owners and custodians exerting &lt;i&gt;language purism&lt;/i&gt;. This process is still going on forty years after the war. Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263;, who wrote in moderate croatian, is of a generation of writers who understood this. So was in particular another important writer, Da&#353;a Drndi&#263;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Da&#353;a Drndi&#263; (1947-1918), .&#034; id=&#034;nh3-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The purge was imposed through the media stigmatising writers, and especially &lt;i&gt;women intellectuals produced as witches&lt;/i&gt;, and unequivocally called so. Serbocroatian became four official languages, through renaming. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
People of course still understand each other over the fences and speak one language, but are blamed for doing so by nationalists. The resistance is called &lt;i&gt;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku&lt;/i&gt;, the &#171; Declaration on a shared (common) language &#187;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku : , English :&#034; id=&#034;nh3-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No innocence of a language&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But language is never innocent or neutral&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Luce Irigaray, Parler n'est jamais neutre, Minuit, 1985.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. We practice &#8220;double-speak&#8221; at all times between theoretical and ordinary language : theoretical critical concepts we use in our work are also ordinary words in everyday speech that tend to be normative. Used in social sciences and education, they will often be misunderstood. There seems to be &lt;i&gt;no outright representation of the incompleteness and provisional aspect of knowledge or of language&lt;/i&gt;. Our general time of &lt;i&gt;confusionism&lt;/i&gt; favours judgemental divagations and misinterpretations that may sometimes have devastating political effects. Wars start also through the irresponsible misuse of words.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let's assume that &lt;i&gt;reciprocally incomplete subjects&lt;/i&gt; handle &lt;i&gt;reciprocally incomplete knowledges&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Boaventura De Sousa Santos, Epistemologies of the South. Justice against (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and languages. Taking it into account makes possible the building in solidarity of versatile subjectivities that &lt;i&gt;equally&lt;/i&gt; partake in sharing and &lt;i&gt;becoming-together&lt;/i&gt;. We need to push Deleuze's concept of &lt;i&gt;devenir&lt;/i&gt; a little further, to &lt;i&gt;devenir ensemble&lt;/i&gt; &#8211; &lt;i&gt;becoming together&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Partial knowledges&lt;/i&gt; and subjectivities, made subaltern and subordinate, are disqualified, &lt;i&gt;made invisible&lt;/i&gt; or considered non-existent. They become &#8220;illegitimate&#8221; and are silenced. Yet silence can sometimes also be a resource. As Athena Athanasiou has it, silence is &#8220;a socially and culturally devalued genre through which 'subjugated knowledges' are performed and hegemonic discourses potentially contested.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning. Political Dissidence and the Women in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&#8221; We have namely discovered, also through reading other languages and opening to other worldviews (&lt;i&gt;cosmovisiones&lt;/i&gt;), that different subjectivities (dissident, a-sovereign and in becoming through &lt;i&gt;shared&lt;/i&gt; action) can operate and be efficient &lt;i&gt;not only through subjectivation&lt;/i&gt; but also through &lt;i&gt;de-subjectivation&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;de-identification&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 254, confirms this approach that i (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The limits and sharing of knowledge. The double-edge of concepts (f. ex., gender)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;The illegitimacy of incomplete and silenced non-hegemonic knowledge&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;About hegemonic knowledges, Boaventura De Sousa Santos, Sousa Santos, op. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and languages is enforced in patriarchal capitalism. Permanent wars&lt;/i&gt; and the involvement of the west/Europe in them coincide with the &lt;i&gt;constitutive violence&lt;/i&gt; on women and vulnerable social groups &lt;i&gt;by both society and the State&lt;/i&gt;, which capture knowledges and languages too. It is women and, often, feminist women and men, who make the connection between the violence to women and violence to others (in war, and nowadays, to migrants), and draw the obvious conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As Belgrade historian Dubravka Stojanovi&#263; writes, &#034;[Patriarchy and nationalism] are inseparable. Nationalism sees the nation as an extended family, as a blood relationship. (...) That is why every nationalism must be misogynous, because the very appearance of women (...) would destroy that authoritarian pyramidal creation in which the hierarchy is not questioned but obeyed. I am ready to go so far as to say that &lt;i&gt;nationalism was invented as a means of maintaining patriarchy&lt;/i&gt;, as well as a means of gaining power, strengthening it, preserving it&#8230; That is, nationalism is used as a means to immobilise society, for development never to come, to stifle all modernity. [...] I want to radicalize this and add that maintaining the patriarchal order was one of the strong motives for the disintegration of Yugoslavia, because within closed national constructs this social order is far easier to maintain than in a complex multi-ethnic, multi-confessional community. In essence, it poses a constant challenge to a closed society and a patriarchal matrix.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Darko Vujica, &#8220;Intervju sa Dubravkom Stojanovi&#263; : Ni&#353;ta nije ve&#269;no, pa tako (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the same time, correlatively and in return, women and the defiant supposedly &#8220;weak and vulnerable&#8221;, represent the dissenting &lt;i&gt;destituting&lt;/i&gt; element and &lt;i&gt;cannot be reduced to a binary&lt;/i&gt; or to the received and fixed socio-political configuration crowned by sovereignty. This is because their subordination represents the basis and the constituent condition of the system, but their &lt;i&gt;destituting insubordination&lt;/i&gt; (dispossessed of sovereignty) outlines a powerful though formally non-sovereign and unrecognised dissenting subjectivity&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 19.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There are subjects considered &#8220;vulnerable&#8221;, &#8220;damaged&#8221;, &#8220;incomplete&#8221;, or made invisible in the mainstream. To different degrees, &lt;i&gt;all subjects are necessarily &#8220;incomplete&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;, because the possible scope of our subjectivity is inexhaustible. Historically, subjectivity has socially and politically been denied or hampered in women and marginalised people, as well as in colonised continents. Whatever the span of subjects, they need to assemble and they need allies and a larger front. This is where &lt;i&gt;systematic &#8220;disremembering&#8221;&lt;/i&gt; by various agencies intervenes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Jie-Hyun Lim, &#8220;Mnemonic Solidarity in the Global Memory Space&#8221;, global-e. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In addition, many of the non-western epistemes not only &lt;i&gt;do not&lt;/i&gt; particularly cultivate the concept of the subject (while &lt;i&gt;subsuming&lt;/i&gt; it in the sense of &lt;i&gt;sub-understanding&lt;/i&gt; it). They rather prioritise collective subjects or at least do not lose sight of these, because they don't nurture the extreme individualism known to the (modern) west/north.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Self-sufficient and systemic state sovereignty, largely imaginary for most, which today changes its function and scope in order to maintain itself also in regional unions such as the European Union (EU), also reinforces the gendered division of societies seen as natural, as well as &lt;i&gt;prescribed knowledges&lt;/i&gt;, and therefore also the subordination of women among others. The resistance by the mainstream or the establishment of power as such resorts to reproducing binaries, including new ones. &lt;i&gt;Binaries implanted in the minds are there to pretend equivalence and equality in symmetries, but they really attempt to reinforce hierarchy, verticality, and domination at every turn, as well as hegemony&lt;/i&gt;. They &lt;i&gt;reinforce also the erasure&lt;/i&gt; of alternative knowledges. This permanently maintained and regularly updated subordination is rendered invisible in order to be efficient. The European Union, but also some other countries, dictates a selective political amnesia from the point of view of the present post-cold war and neoliberal triumphalism. It is the EU's choice of ethno-nationalisms and populism that leads to its closure. The concept of the political (&lt;i&gt;le politique&lt;/i&gt;) has become &lt;i&gt;normative&lt;/i&gt;. The history taking into account women, &#8220;aliens&#8221; and other species, but in the first place &lt;i&gt;life and the living&lt;/i&gt;, will necessarily be intersectional.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Useless history&lt;/i&gt; is then a methodical &#8220;political oblivion&#8221; and muzzling, a programmed erasure of that past history that has &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; led to the current state of things, or of alternative histories. This concerns particularly the history of non-dominating nationalities and other &#171; identities &#187;, while it is more pernicious with regard to gender and women's history, because &lt;i&gt;women's subordination is much older&lt;/i&gt; than any other, &lt;i&gt;and has never been deleted from the mental assemblage&lt;/i&gt; as a possibility of imagination. Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; in her essays, and in particular in her extraordinary &lt;i&gt;Brnjica za vje&#353;tice&lt;/i&gt;, &#8220;A muzzle for the witches&#8221; (with Merima Omeragi&#263;), knows something about it. Silvia Federici, who worked admirably on historic &#8220;witches&#8221; and the inquisition, too.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Only the official or mainstream scenario that has actually led directly to today's situation considered as paradigmatic and legitimate, will be remembered, recalled or evoked, in its most reductive and crude form. Gender appears here to be an unstable &lt;i&gt;double-front&lt;/i&gt; term (strangely sometimes identified with &#8220;women&#8221; themselves)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;I have worked elsewhere on the relation of gender to sexuality, which is (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-22&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. It discloses alternative histories, such as women's history, &lt;i&gt;but also the history of our disciplines&lt;/i&gt; and subjects of research. The grids/registers of the conceptual apparatus ordaining our knowledge interact and are &lt;i&gt;isomorphic with our social organisation and hierarchies&lt;/i&gt;. The same hierarchies work in the social sphere &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt; among our disciplines, as well as in theoretical knowledge. This happens nowadays within a general epistemological &lt;i&gt;confusionism&lt;/i&gt; and artificial intelligence too, that we face in public opinion, which draws on all fronts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-alignment against east-west block-binarism and possibly other binarisms too&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the 1960s-70s, the &lt;i&gt;Non-Aligned Movement&lt;/i&gt; (NAM), now useless history but nevertheless a powerful concept, effective at that time in international politics and in the UN, UNCTAD, OECD&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;UNCTAD : United Nations Conference for Trade and Development ; OECD : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-23&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, etc., was a complex, social and cultural &lt;i&gt;joint transnational and translational political project&lt;/i&gt;, comprising the idea of international equality between States and of a new and just economic world order. It rejected the two blocks of that time and supported anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-racism, the cancellation of poor countries' debt, etc. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It proclaimed gender equality in principle, yet made it wait forever like the rest of patriarchal formations. It was a good project at that time, and much could be learnt from it especially today (2023&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Paul Stubbs (ed.), Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-24&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). The emergence of a global market from the 1960s on, contemporary with NAM and an international division of labour, favoured a further sexual division of labour.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ignorance. &lt;i&gt;D&#233;paysement&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The EU has, for example, largely failed its women and other groups (since murderous violence against women continues as does &lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt; inequality, despite great legal and mores' advances). These thereby constitute themselves into subjects. Women and migrants, two &lt;i&gt;politically destituting or de-constituting&lt;/i&gt; and upsetting elements, as well as all those that are in opposition, have an interest in associating while constituting themselves, in a solidarity spirit of resistance struggles by which they &lt;i&gt;construct themselves together&lt;/i&gt; - as subjects, both collective and singular.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We are witnessing &lt;i&gt;changes in borders and partitions of countries&lt;/i&gt; (or sometimes recompositions) including in Europe, &lt;i&gt;all linked to violence against women and &#8220;foreigners&#8221;&lt;/i&gt;. One last example is the war on Ukraine. The issue of borders appears in sovereignist projects of &lt;i&gt;new exclusive nationalisms&lt;/i&gt;, including in what is seen as &#8220;useless history&#8221; today. The western hegemonic injunction proposes to southern and post-socialist countries to &#034;catch up&#034; with the rich countries, and to the women to catch up with men and to conform to their imagination, all the rest being &lt;i&gt;useless history&lt;/i&gt; and erased. On the other hand, &lt;i&gt;useful history&lt;/i&gt; is now the redoubling of the &lt;i&gt;conversion to neoliberal capitalism and capitalist globalisation&lt;/i&gt;. Organised political oblivion is at the service of this enterprise, which also &lt;i&gt;includes monolingualism&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#8220;I have only one language, and it is not mine&#8221;. Jacques Derrida, Le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-25&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, amnesia or the prohibition/rejection of languages that have been constructed as foreign&lt;/i&gt;, as well as a &lt;i&gt;depoliticization&lt;/i&gt; of language.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selective political forgetfulness and borders constantly probed and reshuffled. Erasure&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a &lt;i&gt;general resistance&lt;/i&gt; to see violence against women &lt;i&gt;as systemic and constitutive&lt;/i&gt;, the flipside of war. Labels are distributed by the patriarchal mainstream. Structural violence to women, such as systemic femicides, is paradoxically met with denial (&lt;i&gt;Verleugnung&lt;/i&gt; ; &lt;i&gt;d&#233;ni&lt;/i&gt;) which unconsciously assumes the existence of the removed or the foreclosed (&lt;i&gt;Verdr&#228;ngt&lt;/i&gt; ; &lt;i&gt;refoul&#233;&lt;/i&gt;), or with &lt;i&gt;Verwerfung&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;denegation&lt;/i&gt;), which supposes the factual or symbolic annihilation of the other, in the sense of Freudian negation (&lt;i&gt;Verneinung&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Freud, Die Verneinung, 1925.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-26&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. This was the case with historic witch-hunts seen by historians, until Silvia Federici's rereading of that infamous chapter. &lt;i&gt;Gender studies, feminist theory, post- and de-colonial studies, migration studies etc. are new favourite targets&lt;/i&gt; of matching assignations or even allegations, displacement and reduction of meaning. Malignant branding that is officially launched, such as the tags of &#8220;islamo-gauchiste&#8221; or &#8220;woke&#8221; in France in 2021, stick on. Or, in 1992, the disqualifying label &#8220;witches&#8221; for women intellectuals in Yugoslavia and Croatia. I was one of the latter, and there are many other &#8220;witches&#8221; elsewhere &#8211; &lt;i&gt;patriarchy is constantly producing them everywhere&lt;/i&gt;. In the near past, &#8220;feminist&#8221; was a stigmatising attribute.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The &lt;i&gt;universalisation of a nationalist paradigm, as in France, is only its over-inflation and provincializing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;C&#233;cile Canut, Provincialiser la langue : Langage et colonialisme, Paris, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-27&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Everything else is rendered illegitimate, invisible and erased from mainstream and consensus. With regard to women, the &#034;deep state&#034; remains what it has been throughout different socio-economic formations, allowing the &lt;i&gt;maintenance of patriarchy by its adaptations throughout the changes of regime and of economic formations&lt;/i&gt;. Historical socialisms and currently dominant capitalisms were all built on the &lt;i&gt;subordinate inclusion of women&lt;/i&gt; and the exclusion (or subordinate inclusion) of &#8220;outsiders&#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gender and genre, announcement of a gap&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In translation, there is a wide sphere of &lt;i&gt;in-between (two) languages&lt;/i&gt;, a sort of intersecting &lt;i&gt;contact zone&lt;/i&gt;, possibly of erasure too. The &lt;i&gt;sign of another choice&lt;/i&gt;, the unthought-of option, &lt;i&gt;l'impens&#233;, is practically unthinkable&lt;/i&gt;. Our chance is with that and with those &lt;i&gt;who have not been thought of&lt;/i&gt; as yet as co-citizens. We must traverse and reopen that sphere of erasure and blackout.&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The Coronavirus 2019-2022 era was also an epochal epistemological crisis. (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-28&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In &lt;i&gt;translational distress&lt;/i&gt;, when lost in translation, you loose your landmarks and references. The gap between languages, the indeterminacy of gender and of meaning (but not only of them), is the possibility of all possibilities, a point zero (0) where anything can happen, whether good or bad. The gap between languages or understandings is particularly threatening and can be ominous in times of crises. It has been so particularly since 1989 and the &#8220;end&#8221; of the cold war, which is an important threshold in recent history, &lt;i&gt;where post-colonialism and post-socialism converge&lt;/i&gt; in flattening the historical but also temporal dimension which have become the same, especially in the eyes of western post-1989 triumphalism. We were all ushered into the post 1989 era with no new epistemological tools &lt;i&gt;for the new condition of globalisation&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Certain knowledges as much as histories were made clandestine and were removed. We need to disambiguate and rehabilitate the &lt;i&gt;principle of a knowledge that was deliberately made illegitimate&lt;/i&gt; by the prevalent knowledge-and-political configuration (rehabilitate &lt;i&gt;the principle&lt;/i&gt;, and not any particular alternative knowledge as such). And for that, we need political imagination.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is very difficult to elaborate &lt;i&gt;alternative imaginaries&lt;/i&gt; and scripts opening up a given framework, and &lt;i&gt;alternative connections&lt;/i&gt; that can precede or exceed a context, and that uncover complementary perspectives as well as multiple standpoints in interaction. And yet we need to access this enormous field of possibilities. Through a &lt;i&gt;politics of translation&lt;/i&gt;, we need to keep &lt;i&gt;all translating tracks open&lt;/i&gt;, having implications on contemporary and possible futures but also on &lt;i&gt;alternative pasts&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This will disclose &lt;i&gt;imaginable alternatives, debatable or different pasts&lt;/i&gt;. We need to (jointly) work on &lt;i&gt;translational as well as transnational fluidity&lt;/i&gt;, on multiple meanings, which in principle include misunderstandings too. It is important &lt;i&gt;to get through and beyond the binaries&lt;/i&gt;, beyond the nation, the state-and-the-non-state sphere, &lt;i&gt;beyond identification, identitarianism&lt;/i&gt; and sovereign erection of the self-full-of-itself and the political subject (collective or singular alike). I would claim &lt;i&gt;interdependence&lt;/i&gt; rather than sovereignty and, like Zs&#243;fia L&#243;r&#225;nd (after Karl Polanyi) &lt;i&gt;transformation&lt;/i&gt; rather than &lt;i&gt;transition&lt;/i&gt;. Political transitions have always been catastrophic exterminating generations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead, we can learn from other knowledges, from political experience and other &#8220;unusual&#8221; sources, as well as with migrants and &lt;i&gt;deterritorialised cross-border relations&lt;/i&gt; ; interaction from engagement and resistance to mainstream pressure or conservative trends. In my understanding, &lt;i&gt;all subjectivities are always incomplete&lt;/i&gt;, which is why their sovereignty is conceit, and imaginary. When relying on the higher office of the state's sovereignty, of a religious idea, a social super-ego or a role model, they live individual lives as permanently dispossessed and as eternally indebted (to the higher instance). Their &#8220;security&#8221; is confiding in the proposed and available pattern, always disappointing. They can mobilise a mechanism by which they veil their incompleteness and insufficiency, including to themselves, in order to absurdly claim sovereignty and &lt;i&gt;eschew interdependence&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reciprocal incompleteness of subjectivities and knowledges. Bypassing universities ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There are not only different codes of understanding but also different knowledges and &lt;i&gt;epistemes&lt;/i&gt; that are, as Boaventura de Sousa Santos beautifully says, &lt;i&gt;reciprocally incomplete&lt;/i&gt;. Languages too are necessarily mutually incomplete, as anyone writing or translating knows. So Hindi and Urdu, Serbian and Croatian are &lt;i&gt;reciprocally incomplete&lt;/i&gt; languages, &lt;i&gt;beyond&lt;/i&gt; their reciprocal political intolerance and shared basic structure and vocabulary. Female and male are also &lt;i&gt;reciprocally incomplete&lt;/i&gt; humans, although &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; under the binary scheme in which they are stereotypically represented (excluding a &#171; third &#187; possibility), but &lt;i&gt;within a plural scheme&lt;/i&gt;, where &lt;i&gt;all&lt;/i&gt; are reciprocally uncompleted. (And there are as many genders/sexes as individuals.) So are their knowledges although, within patriarchy, women's knowledges along with many others &lt;i&gt;produced by &#8211; and producing - the subaltern&lt;/i&gt;, are often made invisible and &#8220;inexistent&#8221;. &lt;i&gt;Erasure is the content of reciprocal incompleteness&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I was wondering about softer ways of &#8220;translating&#8221;. The Asia Research Institute (ARI) of the National University of Singapore (an Institute where i worked for a time) organised a workshop called &#8220;&lt;i&gt;Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones&lt;/i&gt; : Alternative Imaginaries of China's Presence in most of Southeast Asia in Contemporary Contexts&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;From a call for papers dispatched by ARI on december 10, 2019 for a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-29&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. I became interested in the idea of &#8220;crossing the river by feeling the stones&#8221;, a practical and pragmatic approach with nothing pre-given, nothing or nothing-much purposely made invisible. The Chinese translating tradition has a different and peculiar origin and development. Historically, it rather comes as a &lt;i&gt;genre&lt;/i&gt;, than as a strictly accurate transposition and rendering of the contents of a text. It questions authorship in the sense that the translator is inscribed along with the author (and sometimes more) in the resulting piece.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patriarchy and capitalism, EU Borders. Two-front concepts and useless history&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The devastating pandemic of coronavirus covid-19 was taken as an excuse to altogether stop migrants fleeing desperate conditions, from getting into Europe (and likewise, into the USA, Israel, Australia, Singapore, Tunisia etc.). We had always known (and i among others had written) that &lt;i&gt;thinking gender relations takes a massive twist from conventional western knowledge&lt;/i&gt; that has so far been patriarchal. I propose we take Europe and the European Union in their &lt;i&gt;transborder&lt;/i&gt; dimension with some humility, and learn from extra European &#8220;others&#8221; too, now that Europe's failures and crises, as well as that of Modernity, have become obvious. Populist leanings are a time machine heading backwards. They fabricate poisonous and displaced memories. Indeed there has been a lot of dissatisfaction, not only of women, with how the construction of the EU (but also of the utopian image of Europe) has been managed. The space for a European utopia is ever more improbable, while the EU is being built through its heavy historic heritage which includes colonialism, slavery, witch-hunt, the subordination of women, the inquisition, imperialism, fascism and now again &#8211; war and the correction of borders on the sub-continent.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I propose to proceed &lt;i&gt;from discontinuities&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;interruptions&lt;/i&gt;, from lost connections, including from &lt;i&gt;mistranslations&lt;/i&gt;, because there is an incredibly rewarding mechanism out there opening unexpected horizons. Translation may help reconfiguring established knowledge grids. It displaces, dislocates, replants or reboots a concept on another terrain, in another language or context (time, space and culture-wise), favouring mutation and an &lt;i&gt;excess&lt;/i&gt; of imagination or &lt;i&gt;different imaginaries&lt;/i&gt;. Starting from discontinuities or from below the &lt;i&gt;abyssal line&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The two sides of the abyssal line can't appear at the same level according (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-30&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; also provides very dense traffic (including clogging, glitches and breakthroughs) and the &lt;i&gt;co-presence and interference of that which normally can't appear jointly in the existing dimensions&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;endimions&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Salman Rushdie, in Grimus, Random House 2003, first edition 1975.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-31&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;), in any case &lt;i&gt;not in the same key&lt;/i&gt; (i call it the &lt;i&gt;in-com-possibles&lt;/i&gt;). Such an impossible co-presence that, although unlikely, nevertheless happens but in an unexpected manner (depending on the scale and the observation point), resembles &lt;i&gt;partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;An intentionally ambiguous but fertile term, possible and significant in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-32&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The latter is like two sides of a coin, inseparable yet &lt;i&gt;incompossible&lt;/i&gt; at the same level, within the same grid or by the same code. &lt;i&gt;Partage de la raison&lt;/i&gt; in its aspect of sharing confirms the uncertainty, vulnerability and incompleteness of the subject, any subject. And this is the opportunity for a new political configuration to arise, in which we can act &lt;i&gt;jointly&lt;/i&gt; from different transitory &lt;i&gt;positionings&lt;/i&gt; on building together something new bottom-up while at the same time becoming (&lt;i&gt;devenir&lt;/i&gt;)-together, towards a new shared future but a new past as well (and a new &lt;i&gt;understanding&lt;/i&gt; of the past). Ernesto Laclau would call it the making of a new hegemony&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;E. Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-33&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, but i prefer thinking beyond the framework of hegemony and domination. The double-front of &#8220;partage&#8221;, meaning both &lt;i&gt;dividing (separating) and sharing-with-others&lt;/i&gt; as well as &lt;i&gt;partaking of/in reason&lt;/i&gt;, obliges us to surrender to the &lt;i&gt;in-com-possibility&lt;/i&gt; of the two fronts or meanings in the same breath. &lt;i&gt;The dialectics of their interaction, which pleads for pluralism&lt;/i&gt; and plural logics, &lt;i&gt;disqualifies not only the binary, not only the reduction to either &#8220;dividing&#8221; or &#8220;sharing&#8221;, but also the co-presence, at the same level of reading, of the concept (partage) and its objectal referent&lt;/i&gt;. What is here rejected, is the normativity of the concept, and its pre-givenness in a construct that doesn't accept exceptions or wayward meanings. Dichotomic logic is repressive and imposes the exclusion of &#171; third &#187; choices. But non western options of plural logics with &lt;i&gt;tertium datur&lt;/i&gt; (&#171; there is a third &#187;) amply replace the predominantly western scheme of &lt;i&gt;tertium non datur&lt;/i&gt;. According to Athanasiou, &#8220;What makes a community compossible,&#8221; i.e. present together, &#8220;is precisely what diverges from, and is rendered incompossible with, the actualised and established order of commonality. (...) [N]ormative constructions such as (hetero)sexual difference and the nation are indefinitely and infinitely constitutive to the community and its logic/reason&#8221;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning, p. 187.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-34&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. That logic is repressive and will be challenged by non-sovereign and incomplete subjects that purposely remain &lt;i&gt;undetermined&lt;/i&gt; in their &lt;i&gt;dissenting political becoming&lt;/i&gt; with their &#8220;illogical logics&#8221; and their breaking away from pre-set forms.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The two incompossible faces of the coin would then rather translate into something more like Deleuze's &lt;i&gt;pli&lt;/i&gt;, or &#8220;fold&#8221;. And, &lt;i&gt;i can only be safe if you are safe, if all are safe with me&lt;/i&gt;. Likewise, if you fall, i fall too&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-35&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. It takes thinking about others, about society at large and about the community, &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt; even thinking of oneself. Solidarity and commonality. Yet de-complexed capitalism has incited us to think of &#8220;ourselves&#8221; first, individuals first, &#8220;our&#8221; nation first etc. (Trump is not original in this, he has only been one of the most vulgar in the vein.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Free imagination ?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We need to disambiguate &lt;i&gt;contested knowledges&lt;/i&gt; and rehabilitate the &lt;i&gt;principle of a knowledge that was deliberately made illegitimate&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;erased&lt;/i&gt; by the prevalent configuration of the politics of knowledge. We need &lt;i&gt;political imagination&lt;/i&gt; for that.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
We had unlearned the un-sovereign option mainly through the history of capitalism and patriarchal verticality, individualism and inequality. But the germ was there since the earliest times, in individualism and the constitution of the subject itself as the centre of the world. This implies the heavy construction of the subject directing the world, a particular geography with &lt;i&gt;cosmovision&lt;/i&gt;, an hierarchical conceptual architecture, as well as (self-)portrait in art in the seventeenth century (Rembrandt), and the invention of perspective. As a result of modern capitalism, &lt;i&gt;everything else than the subject is dispensable&lt;/i&gt; or at its service. Other civilizational choices in other parts of the world, however, have developed other historical options. They have refused to elaborate the concept of a subject (which they do not ignore ; they just disregard it as indecent), surreptitiously suspecting where it would lead.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patriarchy, capitalism and back to borders&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Any progress is paid by a very palpable regression, rollback or reversal, it seems. Our countries' involvement in wars across the planet (now, the middle east, Africa and Europe) and enhanced militarisation is of course co-constitutive with systemic violence against women. While women's human rights in Europe are advancing in law and for parts of the elite, while women's movements (which are always resistance movements, where capitalism has been the counter-revolution&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;A significant link : Didier Billion and Christopher Ventura, in their book (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-36&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;) such as &lt;i&gt;#Me too&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;#Ni una menos&lt;/i&gt; are giving excellent results, male establishments and hegemonic culture &lt;i&gt;have not considered violent males and systemic violence as socially or politically dangerous&lt;/i&gt;. They have not developed systematic methods of protecting women and children. A catastrophic historic collective denial of the importance and universal violence to women (and related) has been in force for ages. It will take a long process from that removal and suppression to the political awakening of the subject(s) on this issue. Little is being done in educating boys and men on the issue. Nothing has been done in reorienting and tempering their &lt;i&gt;excess of will to power&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Political oblivion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hegemonic countries today dictate &lt;i&gt;selective political oblivion&lt;/i&gt; from the perspective of the current post-Cold War and enduring neoliberal triumphalism. The formal European citizenship has become ethno-national, and the great divide in the EU is now &lt;i&gt;between migrants and citizens&lt;/i&gt;, while an unsustainable distinction is made between migrants and refugees. Women's bodies are a major issue here, as well as the intolerable death toll of migrants, with the consent and &lt;i&gt;even fomentation of border changes&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;outsourcing&lt;/i&gt;, at least in the peripheries of Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, Frontex, Le spectre des disparu.e.s. Nihilisme (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-37&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Today feminist theory has conceptually reversed the simplified (marxist) relation between production and the reproduction of life, making the latter - the &lt;i&gt;precondition&lt;/i&gt; for production and for survival (Alisa Del Re&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Alisa Del Re, &#8220;Il lavoro di riproduzione e il mercato&#8221;, in Lo sciopero delle (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-38&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;). But there is yet another historic precondition to that &lt;i&gt;precondition&lt;/i&gt;, well known to feminists too, and equally hidden from mainstream knowledge : &lt;i&gt;patriarchy&lt;/i&gt; and the historic witch-hunt over several centuries were the &lt;i&gt;prerequisite for historic capitalism itself&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch : Women, the Body and Primitive (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-39&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Non-paid work (domestic and other) by women produced their servitude by not admitting them to salaried work, reserved for men. Men were exploited in factories, while women were oppressed in their bodies by them. Later, in socialism, interpreting women's exploitation in terms of a gendered division of labour and unpaid housework showed that it would have been possible to overcome the class and patriarchal dichotomy. Yet in this, state feminism (responding to the Party) failed, confirming the governing historic importance of patriarchy. It helps us understand the similarity in this respect of socialism and capitalism, and the crossed-out radicalism of the former. Socialism was not radical in its cautiously proclaimed feminism as a formal egalitarianism that was to be monitored, since women were not trusted. Witch-hunts however continue, in any system. Sexual hierarchies are always at the service of maintaining some system of domination. Federici showed that in the transition to capitalism, the &lt;i&gt;burning of witches&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;declassment&lt;/i&gt; of women was part of the process together with land-grabbing from farmers and colonialism. That violent process has never been completely discontinued to this day (neither has primitive accumulation), and constant renegotiations between the sequences constantly go on. We have a global backlash today on all these issues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a general resistance to see violence against women &lt;i&gt;as systemic and constitutive&lt;/i&gt;, which is &lt;i&gt;one more programmed political erasure&lt;/i&gt;. Corresponding &lt;i&gt;politics of translation&lt;/i&gt; are then deployed to this effect. Certain &lt;i&gt;politics themselves are translated&lt;/i&gt; in a more or less utilitarian manner into ideological declamations, whereby charges and labels are distributed. &lt;i&gt;Allegations&lt;/i&gt; are dispensed by the patriarchal mainstream, by society and not necessarily by the state, which they support. Although they have no coherent meaning, assigned labels can be murderous. In France, the sticker &#8220;gender ideology&#8221; has now (2023) become perilous just like &#8220;islamo-gauchisme&#8221;, and is the object of furious anti-gender and anti-intellectual campaigns. There are attacks at universities and intellectuals, in a new conservative and far-right turn. This comes against the background of populism, confusionism, encouraged by a sort of new &lt;i&gt;social fascism&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At the same time, the EU (and the USA) is disproportionally lecturing other countries and continents on their insufficiency in ecology, in protecting women's rights etc. Such boasting about the west's righteousness is a hypocritical cover-up, since it is clear that defending women is not the actual aim of international action even when it is proffered, as it was in the USA's and then EU's intervention in Afghanistan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The questioning of borders, crucial in any perspective of state sovereignty, is &lt;i&gt;that of western Europe&lt;/i&gt; and the west. It is profoundly linked to imaginaries about women. &lt;i&gt;Because&lt;/i&gt; migrants and women appear as a &lt;i&gt;troubling, destituting&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;de-constituting&lt;/i&gt; element, neither society nor the (patriarchal) state trust them. &lt;i&gt;Condemning the female sex and gender, and now also migrants, are basic postures of the patriarchal enterprise at the service of capitalism&lt;/i&gt;, and are at the heart of the &lt;i&gt;border issue&lt;/i&gt;. (Although not only capitalism is patriarchal &#8211; all other formations have been so too.) The borders' question necessarily displays war with patriarchy as its &#8220;regulatory&#8221; mechanism and as its probability. Feminists and women insist on the &lt;i&gt;solidarity of resistance struggles, on demilitarisation, de-escalation and on peace&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Merima Omeragi&#263;, &#171; Living the Post-Yugoslav Female Humanism &#187;, in the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-40&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The decisive solidarity of women and migrants mean much in activism and political thought.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not surprisingly, because collective interests (the &lt;i&gt;commons&lt;/i&gt;) are kept in mind, solidarity, graciousness to others, care, compassion, empathy, shared social responsibility, civility etc. are seen as complementary elements of female culture in most places, but they do serve the &lt;i&gt;common and social cause&lt;/i&gt;, and not a gendered and egoistic one. In women, these elements belong both to tradition but also to new emancipatory models and to work. Reproduction of life, traditionally hidden and separated from the sphere of production and its theorisation, is now further analysed in feminist theory &lt;i&gt;as the precondition for both production&lt;/i&gt; and everyone's survival. In this, it is women who are on the frontline. No calculation. Just practical necessity, and caring for more people than oneself alone.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Today's epistemological turn and new knowledges are &lt;i&gt;not only&lt;/i&gt; the result of the post-industrial real-time or digital computing IT dispensation and cognitive labour enabled by hackers&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;After Marx, Gramsci and Negri, Griziotti would say, general intellect and (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-41&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. They are also the effect of &lt;i&gt;sharing knowledges&lt;/i&gt; in new ways and through new channels, outside and over universities. Contemporary social sciences and philosophy draw a lot on feminist research in this. But the digital dimension controls much of our knowledge and its transmission in an apparently impersonal, but tricky, way as a mechanism or a deadly and suicidal desiring machine&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Deleuze, Gilles &amp; Guattari, F&#233;lix, Mille plateaux, Paris, Minuit 1980.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-42&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; through invisible algorithms of which we don't even suspect the existence. It has everything to do with the neoliberal organisation of society and politics, for the sake of corresponding economic interests. The condition of women is rearranged in this algorithmic capitalism, remaining subaltern, but at the same time, obliquely and sideways, it gets partly through into the mainstream thanks to a kind of contextual capillary absorption, &#171; pollination &#187; and general atmosphere.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Non-species, non-gender, non-nation, non-identity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is by now obvious that gradation appears in all unequal relations, from gender, class, race, caste, species and other unequal differences. We now have to think of climate and environment, consider nature (of which we are a part), and consider caring about &lt;i&gt;life on earth&lt;/i&gt;. Thinking from gaps and interruptions and mending them, &lt;i&gt;as a non-species, non-nation, non-identity, non-gender&lt;/i&gt;, from life and the living, we need to think of others first : &lt;i&gt;only then&lt;/i&gt; would &lt;i&gt;we too&lt;/i&gt; be safe, &lt;i&gt;inasmuch as others are safe&lt;/i&gt; with us&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Chakravorty Spivak, ibid.&#034; id=&#034;nh3-43&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Only then could we be together in becoming and acting in the shared world. On the contrary, androcentrism and anthropocentrism, with racism, xenophobia, nationalism, colonialism, imperialism, etc. nurture &lt;i&gt;continuity with the same&lt;/i&gt; (origin), birth, species or gender&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Except that for gender it is even more complicated : R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Women, (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-44&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. I would like to see myself as non-binary by choice, in spite of my conventional heterosexual life. I prefer to obfuscate boundaries, baffle definitions, labels, allegations and received identities. But &#8220;men&#8221; and &#8220;women&#8221;, as two imaginary extremes, transient &#8220;ideo-types&#8221; of a complex picture down to individuals, are alleged and constructed to be so in a reductive binary. The gender divide passes through each of us individually.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Social fascism, &#8220;leftist fascism&#8221; say some&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The gradual fascistisation of our societies means to impede the progress of discriminated groups or classes. The Indian hindu ruling class, for ex., obstructs the raising of low castes and classes&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Christophe Jaffrelot on hindutv&#257;, may 6, 2021 in a webinar at the Institut (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-45&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Which &lt;i&gt;historic denials&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;political forgetting&lt;/i&gt; does this cost ? The day when the state takes over the &lt;i&gt;judiciary&lt;/i&gt; (or &#8220;justiciary&#8221;) &lt;i&gt;stance&lt;/i&gt;, the regime and society &lt;i&gt;may coincide in fascism&lt;/i&gt; through a right-populist osmosis process as a &lt;i&gt;fait accompli&lt;/i&gt; difficult to debunk&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb3-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Boaventura de Sousa Santos has a nuanced analysis of the difference between (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh3-46&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. But these things happen also at the hand of international predatory mechanisms through whatever approach, including gender. Due to now prevailing &lt;i&gt;confusionism&lt;/i&gt; in the public sphere fed by social networks, some have absorbed fascist inclinations into acceptable politics because the new fascism declares itself apparently social with regard to the domestic population (but not to foreigners or migrants). The paradoxical concept of &#171; left-wing fascism &#187; was so invented, to add to the confusion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is now evident that the EU border politics of peace and global security, which includes, beyond Yugoslav countries, Ukraine or other conflicts, also the security of the EU, has sadly failed. In the process, women's bodies are a regular symbolic stake and effective scapegoats when it comes to violence and arms. Women are &#171; easier &#187; to kill just because they are women, because violence to them is tolerated and, in war, exacerbated. Local civil society associations naively count on the EU, NATO, UN, European governments and external forces to stem off this tendency of correcting borders, but these &#8220;others&#8221; reproduce the same identitarian politics of political mis-translation, maybe as a reminiscence and repetition of the violence perpetrated by Europe in its past. Other scenarios are now forgotten as inept, unnecessary, arbitrary history, dismissing any possibility of learning from it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;***&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The new migrants' &lt;i&gt;openness is radical, in the name of common survival&lt;/i&gt;. They are radically vulnerable but in that - open. Brutally rejected by hate-driven hegemonic powers, fleeing war, repression or hunger, they offer reciprocity, accept in advance others, and prove tolerant.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our future is with migrants and theirs with us, but we must make them be accepted. They have, like women, an extraordinary lifesaving transformative power that is our only option if we are going to have a future, and that future cannot but be shared. We need to snatch ourselves away from the programmed political forgetting. This would be the indispensible epistemological revolution for/by a new kind of feminist or trans-feminist &#8220;non-alignment&#8221;, concretely universal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;i&gt;Rada Ivekovi&#263;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;A version of the present paper, under the title &#8220;Radical Togetherness and Non-Binarism for Caring, Sharing and Survival&#8221;, was presented as the Opening Lecture of the &#8220;Dubravka Ugre&#353;i&#263; Lecture Series&#8221; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.recet.at/event-news/events/detail/opening-lecture-heressee&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
at the University of Vienna, Department of History, on october 11, 2023, at the invitation of prof. Zs&#243;fia L&#243;r&#225;nd that honours me. I thank her for her cooperation and the occasion she gave me to discuss my anti-war, anti-violence and connected ideas from a feminist philosophical position.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;See the case of the &#8220;erased&#8221; citizens from other Yugoslav republics living in Slovenia at the time of the independence in the 1990s, for ex. J. Dedi&#263;, V. Jalu&#353;i&#269; &amp; J. Zorn, &lt;i&gt;The Erased&lt;/i&gt;, Ljubljana, Mirovni in&#353;titut 2003 ; Sandro Mezzadra &amp; Brett Neilson, &lt;i&gt;Borders as Method, or, The Multiplication of Labor&lt;/i&gt;, Durham, Duke University Press, 2013 ; as well as B. De Sousa Santos's concept of non-existence in much of his writing, by which the &#171; erased &#187; are rendered invisible and condemned to non-existence.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, see &#8220;Ethics and Politics in Tagore, Coetzee, and Certain Scenes of Teaching&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Diacritics&lt;/i&gt;, 32, n&#176;3-4, december 2004 ; &#8220;Speaking for the Humanities&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Occasion : Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities&lt;/i&gt; 1, n&#176; 1 (october 15, 2009), &lt;a href=&#034;https://arcade.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/occv01i01_Spivak_3.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://arcade.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/occv01i01_Spivak_3.pdf&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#034;Polo&#382;aj &#382;ene (u okviru strategije socijalnog razvoja u svijetu)&#034; (1979 : &lt;i&gt;The position of women (within the framework of the social development strategy in the world&lt;/i&gt;) and &#034;Pretpostavke za suradnju na polju kulture i obrazovanja s obzirom na doma&#263;u politi&#269;ku, dru&#353;tvenu i ekonomsku orijentaciju&#034; (1982 : &lt;i&gt;Assumptions for cooperation in the field of culture and education with regard to the domestic political, social and economic orientation&lt;/i&gt;). The latter was part of a collective work &lt;i&gt;Pregled privredne suradnje SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&lt;/i&gt; (&#171; An overview of economic cooperation between the SR of Croatia and developing countries &#187;), as part of the project &#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; (&lt;i&gt;Improving cooperation between the economy of the SR of Croatia and developing countries&lt;/i&gt;). Both had been written as part of my work at the Institut za zemlje u razvoju in Zagreb (Institute for developing countries, previously called Institut za Afriku, &lt;i&gt;Institute for Africa&lt;/i&gt;). After the Institute, i went to work regularly at the Department of philosophy of Zagreb University (Filozofski fakultet), giving classes on asian philosophies to philosophy and indology students, as well as classes on western philosophies. I had already been teaching as a &#034;volunteering assistant&#034; at the Philosophy Faculty.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Konstantinovi&#263; (1928-2011), an author who accompanies me to this day : &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Konstantinovi%C4%&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomir_Konstantinovi%C4%&lt;/a&gt;. First result : Ivekovi&#263;, &lt;i&gt;La balcanizzazione della ragione&lt;/i&gt;, Manifestolibri, 1995 ; also : &lt;i&gt;Autopsia dei Balcani. Saggio di psicopolitica&lt;/i&gt;, Raffaello Cortina, Milan 1999.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;An informal school of Marxist humanist non-mainstream philosophy and social sciences in Yugoslavia in the ninety-sixties, which published the journal &lt;i&gt;Praxis&lt;/i&gt; and organised international summer schools on the island of Kor&#269;ula until 1974.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;See a like project in &lt;i&gt;Alienocene. Journal of the first Outernational&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://alienocene.com/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://alienocene.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#034;Unapre&#273;ivanje suradnje privrede SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034; or &lt;i&gt;Improving cooperation between the economy of the SR of Croatian and developing countries&lt;/i&gt; (within the volume 1, no. 3/4 year 1981 titled &#034;Pregled privredne suradnje SR Hrvatske sa zemljama u razvoju&#034;, (&#171; An overview of economic cooperation between the SR of Croatia and developing countries &#187;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti&lt;/i&gt;, a series published by Mladost-Liber, in Zagreb.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Ju&#382;na Azija : Indijska knji&#382;evnost, tibetska knji&#382;evnost, knji&#382;evnosti jugoisto&#269;ne Azije&#034; in &lt;i&gt;Povijest svjetske knji&#382;evnosti&lt;/i&gt; 1 , ed. Svetozar Petrovi&#263;, Mladost-Liber, Zagreb, 1982.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;In this paper, i shall also be drawing on my previous paper &#8220;Programmed political forgetting&#8221; from the conference &#8220;Traffic in Gender. Political Uses of Translation Within, Outside, and Against Academia&#8221;, organised by Eric Fassin, Marta Segarra and Ilana Eloit at the research unit Legs, at CNRS, Universit&#233; de Nanterre and Universit&#233; de Paris-8, in Paris on 12-14 april, 2022. It can be found on my page of &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.academia.edu&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;www.academia.edu&lt;/a&gt; under &#8220;Talks&#8221; : &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.academia.edu/74631145/IVEKOVI%C4%86_Programmed_political_forgetting&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.academia.edu/74631145/IVEKOVI%C4%86_Programmed_political_forgetting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Da&#353;a Drndi&#263; (1947-1918), &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Drndi%C4%87&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%A1a_Drndi%C4%87&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Deklaracija o zajedni&#269;kom jeziku : &lt;a href=&#034;https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/deklaracija/&lt;/a&gt;, English : &lt;a href=&#034;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Common_Language&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Luce Irigaray, &lt;i&gt;Parler n'est jamais neutre&lt;/i&gt;, Minuit, 1985.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Boaventura De Sousa Santos, &lt;i&gt;Epistemologies of the South. Justice against epistemicide&lt;/i&gt;, London-New York, Routledge 2014 ; &lt;i&gt;The End of the Cognitive Empire. The Coming of Age of Epistemologies of the South&lt;/i&gt;, Durham &amp; London, Duke University Press 2018.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning. Political Dissidence and the Women in Black&lt;/i&gt;, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2017, p. 232.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 254, confirms this approach that i have been practicing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;About hegemonic knowledges, Boaventura De Sousa Santos, Sousa Santos, &lt;i&gt;op. cit.&lt;/i&gt; 2014 &amp; 2018.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Darko Vujica, &#8220;Intervju sa Dubravkom Stojanovi&#263; : Ni&#353;ta nije ve&#269;no, pa tako ni nacije&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Prometej&lt;/i&gt;, 31-1-2022, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/intervju/intervju-sa-dubravkom-stojanovic-nista-nije-vecno-pa-tako-ni-nacije-5153&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/intervju/intervju-sa-dubravkom-stojanovic-nista-nije-vecno-pa-tako-ni-nacije-5153&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 19.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Jie-Hyun Lim, &#8220;Mnemonic Solidarity in the Global Memory Space&#8221;, global-e. Global Dynamics, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
12, no. 4, January 31, 2019, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.21global.ucsb.edu/global-e/january-2019/mnemonic&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.21global.ucsb.edu/global-e/january-2019/mnemonic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; solidarity-global-memory-space ; &#8220;Triple Victimhood : On the Mnemonic Confluence of the Holocaust, Stalinist Crime, and Colonial Genocide&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Genocide Research&lt;/i&gt;, april 13, 2020, https://doi .org/10.1080/14623528 .202.1750822, and &#8220;Victimhood Nationalism and History Reconciliation in East Asia&#8221;, Academia.edu, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#034;https://www.academia.edu/2700211/Victimhood&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.academia.edu/2700211/Victimhood&lt;/a&gt; Nationalism and History Reconciliation_in East Asia ?emailworkcard=view&#8211;paper&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-22&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-22&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-22&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;I have worked elsewhere on the relation of &lt;i&gt;gender&lt;/i&gt; to &lt;i&gt;sexuality&lt;/i&gt;, which is particularly relevant in french where the confusion &lt;i&gt;&#224; propos&lt;/i&gt; is great. To make a long story short, let me say that both concepts are mediated for us through the first, and not the second. It is through social spectacles that we see both social as well as &#8220;natural&#8221; realities. That binary doesn't actually hold, although we have been using it in feminism to convey that the discrimination of women is not dictated by nature. In addition, the binary works differently in different languages. Which means however that we must defend gender studies and women's studies under fire.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-23&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-23&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-23&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;UNCTAD : United Nations Conference for Trade and Development ; OECD : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-24&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-24&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-24&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Paul Stubbs (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement. Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries&lt;/i&gt;, Montreal &amp; Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-25&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-25&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-25&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#8220;I have only one language, and it is not mine&#8221;. Jacques Derrida, &lt;i&gt;Le monolinguisme de l'autre&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Galil&#233;e 1996- &amp; 2016, p. 13.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-26&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-26&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-26&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Freud, &lt;i&gt;Die Verneinung&lt;/i&gt;, 1925.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-27&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-27&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-27&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;C&#233;cile Canut, &lt;i&gt;Provincialiser la langue : Langage et colonialisme&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Editions Amsterdam/Multitudes, 2021.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-28&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-28&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-28&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;The Coronavirus 2019-2022 era was also an epochal epistemological crisis. There was in the virus and also in the relation gender-migrations a &lt;i&gt;sign, something of an announcement, of the possibility of other&lt;/i&gt; unthought-of &lt;i&gt;options&lt;/i&gt; (departing from patriarchy and the current forms of capitalism), an &lt;i&gt;impens&#233;&lt;/i&gt;. It is &lt;i&gt;those intersections&lt;/i&gt; among so many other possible junctures within the &lt;i&gt;pluriverse&lt;/i&gt;, and with gender issues, that interest us.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-29&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-29&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-29&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;From a call for papers dispatched by ARI on december 10, 2019 for a conference on may 27-28, 2020 as &#8220;Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones : Alternative Imaginaries of China's Presence in Southeast Asia in Contemporary Contexts&#8221;. Emphasis added by me, R.I.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-30&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-30&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-30&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;The two sides of the &lt;i&gt;abyssal line&lt;/i&gt; can't appear at the same level according to Boaventura de Sousa Santos, &#8220;Beyond Abyssal Thinking : From Global Lines to Ecologies of Knowledges&#8221; (first published in &lt;i&gt;Review&lt;/i&gt;, XXX-1-2007), &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/documentos/AbyssalThinking.PDF&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.boaventuradesousasantos.pt/documentos/AbyssalThinking.PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-31&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-31&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-31&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Salman Rushdie, in &lt;i&gt;Grimus&lt;/i&gt;, Random House 2003, first edition 1975.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-32&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-32&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-32&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;An intentionally ambiguous but fertile term, possible and significant in French, which occurs as an &lt;i&gt;in(com)possibility&lt;/i&gt;, i.e., as a simultaneous possibility and impossibility, depending on the perspective. The two sides of a coin could illustrate this relationship : they are always together, but each is inconceivable from the point of view of the other. It would be an example of &lt;i&gt;diff&#233;rend&lt;/i&gt; in Jean-Fran&#231;ois Lyotard's sense : one meaning makes no sense (or is not the same) in the language of the other.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-33&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-33&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-33&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;E. Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe, &lt;i&gt;Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics&lt;/i&gt;, London, Verso, 1985.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-34&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-34&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-34&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Athena Athanasiou, &lt;i&gt;Agonistic Mourning&lt;/i&gt;, p. 187.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-35&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-35&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-35&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, &lt;i&gt;ibid.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-36&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-36&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-36&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;A significant link : Didier Billion and Christopher Ventura, in their book &lt;i&gt;D&#233;soccidentalisation. Repenser l'ordre du monde&lt;/i&gt;, Marseille, Agone 2023, think that today's progressive social movements are massively touched by de-occidentalisation, and should try to produce &lt;i&gt;together&lt;/i&gt; political forces able to rethink the world order.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-37&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-37&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-37&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, &lt;i&gt;Frontex, Le spectre des disparu.e.s. Nihilisme aux fronti&#232;res&lt;/i&gt;, L'Harmattan 2023 ; Elspeth Guild (ed.), &lt;i&gt;Monitoring Border Violence in the EU : Frontex in Focus&lt;/i&gt;, Routledge Studies in Liberty and Security, 2023.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-38&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-38&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-38&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;38&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Alisa Del Re, &#8220;Il lavoro di riproduzione e il mercato&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Lo sciopero delle donne. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Lavoro trasformazioni del capitale lotte&lt;/i&gt; (Libro collettivo), Rome, Manifestolibri 2019 ; &#8220;Cura e riproduzione sociale&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;Welfare. Attualit&#224; e prospettive&lt;/i&gt;, ed. by Chiara Giorgi, Carocci 2022.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-39&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-39&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-39&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;39&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Silvia Federici, &lt;i&gt;Caliban and the Witch : Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation&lt;/i&gt;, Brooklyn, N.Y., Autonomedia 2004.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-40&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-40&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-40&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;40&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Merima Omeragi&#263;, &#171; Living the Post-Yugoslav Female Humanism &#187;, in the journal &lt;i&gt;Shota&lt;/i&gt;, Pri&#353;tina), &lt;a href=&#034;https://shota.al/ure/living-the-post-yugoslav-female-humanism/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://shota.al/ure/living-the-post-yugoslav-female-humanism/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-41&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-41&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-41&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;41&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;After Marx, Gramsci and Negri, Griziotti would say, &lt;i&gt;general intellect and collective intelligence&lt;/i&gt; : Giorgio Griziotti, &lt;i&gt;Neurocapitalism. Technological Mediation and Vanishing Lines&lt;/i&gt;, preface by Tiziana Terranova, transl. by Jason Francis McGimsay, Minor Compositions, Colchester/New York/Port Watson 2019 (on-line : &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.autonomedia.org&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;www.autonomedia.org&lt;/a&gt;) ; See also J&#233;r&#244;me Valluy, &lt;i&gt;HUMANITY AND DIGITAL(S). From the history of information technology in societal expansion... to the capitalism of surveillance and influence (1890-2023)&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;http://www.reseau-terra.eu/IMG/pdf/-32.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.reseau-terra.eu/IMG/pdf/-32.pdf&lt;/a&gt;, Collection HNP (&#201;dition multilingue exp&#233;rimentale), TERRA-HN-&#233;ditions, 2023 ; Shoshana Zuboff, &lt;i&gt;The Age of Surveillance Capitalism : The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power&lt;/i&gt;, Public Affairs, 2020 ; Yann Moulier Boutang, &lt;i&gt;Cognitive Capitalism&lt;/i&gt;, Polity, 2012 (French original 2007) ; Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, &lt;i&gt;Empire&lt;/i&gt;, Harvard UP 2000.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-42&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-42&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-42&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;42&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Deleuze, Gilles &amp; Guattari, F&#233;lix, &lt;i&gt;Mille plateaux&lt;/i&gt;, Paris, Minuit 1980.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-43&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-43&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-43&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;43&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Chakravorty Spivak, &lt;i&gt;ibid.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-44&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-44&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-44&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;44&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Except that for gender it is even more complicated : R. Ivekovi&#263;, &#034;Women, Nationalism and War : 'Make Love Not War'&#034;, &lt;i&gt;Hypatia, Special Cluster on Eastern European Feminism&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1993), pp. 113-126.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-45&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-45&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-45&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;45&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Christophe Jaffrelot on hindutv&#257;, may 6, 2021 in a webinar at the Institut d'&#233;tudes politiques, Paris, within a series of debates on populisms and Hindu nationalism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb3-46&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh3-46&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 3-46&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;46&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Boaventura de Sousa Santos has a nuanced analysis of the difference between a fascist society and a fascist state, in much of his writing. A coincidence of both is frequent, which is the ultimate catastrophe. Like him, i distinguish between a fascist society and a fascist state (or fascism in power). As in the example of post-Yugoslav countries, we now often have divided societies with both.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Europe and contemporary migrations</title>
		<link>https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=855</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=article&amp;id_article=855</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-11-04T19:46:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Rada Ivekovi&#263;</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;A public lecture at National Chiao Tung University, International Institute for Cultural Studies (ICCS/IICS) of National Chiao Tung University, October 17th, 2019. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Migrations bear a history of discontinuities and interruptions. In reflecting on migrations, i shall necessarily be dealing with discontinuities, non-linearity and interruptions, which are, as concepts, far more promising and exciting than continuity. The latter witnesses a lack of political imagination. When starting from (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://casus-belli.ici-et-ailleurs.org/spip.php?page=rubrique&amp;id_rubrique=18" rel="directory"&gt;Migrations, fronti&#232;res&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;blockquote class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A public lecture at National Chiao Tung University, International Institute for Cultural Studies (ICCS/IICS) of National Chiao Tung University, October 17th, 2019.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Migrations bear a history of discontinuities and interruptions. In reflecting on migrations, i shall necessarily be dealing with &lt;i&gt;discontinuities, non-linearity and interruptions&lt;/i&gt;, which are, as concepts, far more promising and exciting than continuity. The latter witnesses a lack of political imagination. When starting from &lt;i&gt;continuities&lt;/i&gt;, one is likely to keep in line with conventional power configurations and established hegemony. We choose to opt for discontinuities because they are thought provoking. Discontinuities disclose not only the other side of the medal, but unexpected viewpoints and perspectives too. They uncover alternative histories, possible histories, &#8220;&lt;i&gt;unnecessary or useless&lt;/i&gt; histories&#8221;, deviant stories, subaltern and complementary unconventional stories. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Europe is no exception to the contemporary general closure of borders to people from the global south and the east, but it is a particularly insidious example of what is going on practically worldwide in the 21st century and within the contemporary world-configuration of powers. Although we have been hearing about a massive migration crisis, i would say that there is no crisis of migration, of migrants, of immigrants, but that there is a profound crisis of welcoming and receiving them in Europe and elsewhere. Migrants, passers by could hardly be said to be welcomed, they are parked in temporary and wild camps all over Europe. They face rejection, pushing back (&lt;i&gt;refoulement&lt;/i&gt;), racism, violence of all sorts. This crisis of welcoming, refusal to welcome, refusal of elementary hospitality is a corollary of a crisis in representation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie-Claire Claoz-Tschopp, interview &#8220;Did the &#034;refugee crisis&#034; exist in (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-1&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Both of representing oneself (Europeans to themselves) and representing the other&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Journal H&#233;rodote n. 174, Paris, September 2019.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-2&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Meanwhile, migration as an issue has become highly politicised, in a way different than it had been during the Cold War, when the migrants were supposed to escape from communism and surrender to capitalism, where they would be welcome : but there were only a few of those at that time, in Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;See &#8220;La cause des migrants&#8221;, ed. by Pauline Br&#252;cker, Daniel Veron and Youri (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-3&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Migrations happen in all directions but &lt;i&gt;mostly&lt;/i&gt; to neighbouring regions and countries, which is something the still hegemonic west/north is happy to ignore. But migrations also occur from the brinks, the fringes and the peripheries towards what are thought to be rich and hegemonic countries, and this is what i shall examine with an eye on Europe and within the context of the now rising populisms as well as, not uncommonly, of extreme right movements. The three, migrations, populisms, extreme right, couldn't be unrelated. Like in the USA, like in Australia, in Israel and in some Asian countries, those migrations from the planet's south (and east) are rejected. However, migrations &lt;i&gt;as an ancient human way of being&lt;/i&gt;, have always existed. Yet at this time, as an &lt;i&gt;epochal&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;global&lt;/i&gt; issue, they define the 21st century. They do so among other phenomena such as climate change, ecological catastrophes, predation, proxy wars, land grabbing and rising populist nationalisms coupled with staunch state sovereignisms, ICT /New Information and Communications Technologies/, cognitive and financial capitalism, neo-colonial inclination as well as &#8211; now &#8211; even uninhibited nazism or fascism revivals once the anti-fascist legitimation of WW II has declined. All of these define the latest turn of globalisation. In a globalised world, migrations too should be apprehended globally and as a trans-national phenomenon. In my course at the International Institute for Cultural Studies (ICCS/IICS) of National Chiao Tung University, i shall try to raise some philosophical questions regarding the functioning of exception(s), immunisation and blind-spots within a given political context, and some political questions regarding the responsibility of Europe in this state of affairs. The so-called transition, post-fascism and the outreach of tolerance in capitalism should be addressed, as well as the role of historiography and compared political economy. The problem of sharing and spreading of historic responsibilities within globalisation arises, open to endless debates and controversial points of view. The problem &lt;i&gt;with&lt;/i&gt; migrants and &lt;i&gt;for&lt;/i&gt; migrants &#8211; is that they end up being bereft of rights (i.e. the exception(s)) in a given country, because they are neither nationals nor citizens (and nationals &lt;i&gt;are&lt;/i&gt; citizens). They are not sufficiently protected by any international or for that matter national legislation which, in the case of migrants at least &#8211; doesn't work in spite of well-intentioned proclamations of international organisations. Migrants are &lt;i&gt;hors champ&lt;/i&gt;, outside the scope of perception and &#8220;norm&#8221;. Slogans such as &#8220;America First&#8221; or &#8220;Protecting the European way of life&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Surprisingly, Ursula von der Leyen, the new president elect (2019) of the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-4&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&#8221; are clearly &lt;i&gt;inimical&lt;/i&gt; to immigrants and not only to them. Yet these migrations are not likely to stop, because they are part and parcel as well as the result of the &lt;i&gt;way&lt;/i&gt; our world, our economies, our international relations, have been constructed. This is why the deaths at borders, drowning at sea while crossing, and even the killing (or letting be killed) of migrants, who are criminalised and animalised, represent no big issue for the partisans of such principles.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The unwavering &lt;i&gt;rejection of immigration&lt;/i&gt; by European countries (most states to various degrees, and big parts of their populations) of which many had until recently been &lt;i&gt;emigration&lt;/i&gt; countries, comes within the context of worldwide growing populisms, of new non-progressive, non-liberating and excessively sovereignist nationalisms as well as of new forms of fascism around the world. The end of the Cold War did away with formerly understandable, albeit dichotomically constructed values and political language, leading to new &lt;i&gt;confusionism&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Serge Halimi, &#8220;Comment &#233;chapper &#224; la confusion politique&#8221; Monde (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-5&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. In the former &#8220;eastern bloc&#8221; in Europe, that of countries around the former USSR&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Since the parting of ways between Tito and Stalin in 1948, Yugoslavia was (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-6&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, there has been a social, political and economic degradation which has brought some of them rather nearer to the third world than to the first world.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I have called the contemporary worldwide migrations &#8211; &lt;i&gt;epochal&lt;/i&gt;. They involve much suffering and too many deaths, and imply delayed, interrupted, and ruined lives for individuals over months or even years in cases of survival (today, in the Mediterranean, &lt;i&gt;one out of 14 individuals&lt;/i&gt; trying to cross it, dies), and they characterise an &lt;i&gt;epoch&lt;/i&gt;, the historic period of the 21st century, and affect several generations. This &lt;i&gt;epochal on-going and unstoppable flow&lt;/i&gt; is characterised by the closure of states and borders such as is going on in Europe and elsewhere within a general contemporary &lt;i&gt;cosmopolitics of closure&lt;/i&gt; which corresponds to the limits of our planet having been attained&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Michael Hardt, Tony Negry, Empire, Harvard, HUP 2001.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-7&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The latter is certainly a regression with regard to historic periods or ideals and ideologies of greater openness, of cosmopolitanism, of internationalism and even of political multilateralism&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Goran Feji&#263;, public lecture on Nov. 27, 2019 at ICCS/IICS, National Chiao (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-8&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, regardless even of political regimes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While we shall mainly address the &lt;i&gt;sovereignty response&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i&gt;dramatic border closure&lt;/i&gt; in Europe in the 21st century, it is clear that migrations probably involve even greater numbers within Asia at this time, also related to nationalisms, and that Europe and Asia are communicating vessels operating along the same lines. Today, Europe is waging something i do not hesitate to call a &lt;i&gt;war&lt;/i&gt; on migrants. Many of the migrants trying to cross to Europe come from Asia, in the first place from the wars in western Asia, but traditionally from the rest of the continent too, besides Africa. Nobody can tell the exact number of deaths at the borders and in particular in the Mediterranean&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;The Mediterranean Sea is itself a border or rather a large frontier area. It (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-9&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; (because much of it happens out of sight, and we don't have the numbers of departures), but according to the researcher Claude Calame, a rough estimate is that about 40.000 people disappeared in the Mediterranean since 2000&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Claude Calame, &#8220;Pr&#232;s de 40000 personnes exil&#233;es mortes en M&#233;diterran&#233;e : un (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-10&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. The ways states both in Europe as well as in Asia now react to subsequent waves of immigrants is pretty much the same : trying to contain immigration, refining programmes of &#8220;chosen immigration&#8221; in relation with labour demand, &lt;i&gt;refoulement&lt;/i&gt; (pushing back), ethnic or religious cleansing, border closure, attempts at controlling social networks, police brutality, formal and informal camps, hardening the legislation on immigration etc. You could call it a war.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One of the women captains who have been saving migrants in the Mediterranean and who is being prosecuted in Italy for the &#8220;crime of rescuing&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;In French, d&#233;lit de solidarit&#233;. Pia Klemp is threatened with up to 20 years' (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-11&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&#8221; the shipwrecked, addressed to the mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, the following letter :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#8220;&#171; Paris, I love you. I love you for all the free and solidarian people that live in you. Fighting for their freedom everyday, standing shoulder-to-shoulder, distributing blankets, friendship and solidarity. I love you for those who are sharing their homes, love and struggles everyday &#8211; regardless of their nationality, regardless if they have papers or not.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Madame Hidalgo, you want to award me a medal for my solidarian action in the Mediterranean Sea, because our crews &#8216;work to rescue migrants from difficult conditions on a daily basis'. At the same time your police is stealing blankets from people that you force to live on the streets, while you raid protests and criminalize people that are standing up for rights of migrants and asylum seekers. You want to give me a medal for actions that you fight in your own ramparts. I am sure you won't be surprised that I decline the m&#233;daille Grand Vermeil.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Paris, I'm not a humanitarian. I am not there to &#8216;aid'. I stand with you in solidarity. We do not need medals. We do not need authorities deciding about who is a &#8216;hero' and who is &#8216;illegal'. In fact they are in no position to make this call, because we are all equal.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
What we need are freedom and rights. It is time we call out hypocrite honorings and fill the void with social justice. It is time we cast all medals into spearheads of revolution !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Documents and housing for all !&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Freedom of movement and residence ! &#187;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Pia Klemp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Quoted from Yannis Youlountas's Blog on August 20, 2019 : ; see also Le (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-12&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&#8221;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On August 20th, 2019, a tribunal in Sicily called off the decree issued by the then Italian vice-Prime Minister and Interior minister Salvini &lt;i&gt;prohibiting boats with refugees from docking in Italian ports&lt;/i&gt;. First nearly twenty under age non-accompanied youngsters were finally disembarked in Lampedusa (Italy) on August 19th, then the tribunal ordered to let the rest the of refugees-migrants (initially 134), who were still on board of the Open Arms, disembark on August 21st, 2019. This was at least a temporary defeat of the strong man in power, the fascist and national-populist politician who soon provoked a political crisis and toppled his own government, claiming absolute power. Salvini made the prohibition of entry to migrants his single political issue in Italy, and continues with it since he fell from power. In a divided country, his positioning with respect to the migrants' issue has many supporters. It also has much resonance around Europe with the extreme right formations. The health and security situation, the psychological, moral and material conditions on the rescue boat which was not equipped for accommodating over a hundred people, was dire, as she had been at sea for some 19 days without refurbishment and with passengers in need and extremely strained and anguished in a humanitarian urgency, especially in fear of being sent back to Libya where they suffered torture (although no Mediterranean SAR boat, all made illegal by Salvini, would actually take them back to Libya). As the Open Arms was being emptied of her temporary occupants, another rescue boat, the Ocean-Viking, had been waiting for three weeks between Lampedusa (the southernmost Italian island) and Malta, not allowed to dock in any port in Europe. Having learnt from the experience of the two rescuing women captains prosecuted by Italian courts, from the Aquarius, and the Sea-Watch-3 rescue ships, the Ocean-Viking, a boat better equipped with radars etc., will not dock without authorisation. They said that she was now prepared to stay at sea for a longer period, availing herself of medical aid on board, with food, water, fuel, etc., although they said that there is a limit to what they can do. But not all RAS boats have even this possibility for want of material support, in a politically hostile environment. The Ocean-Viking had 356 passengers on board&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie Verdier, &#8220;De &#8216;L'Open-Arms' &#224; l''Ocean-Viking', l'errance des bateaux (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-13&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, in an equally difficult condition. In 2019, there is no-one who knows what is really happening off the Libyan coast, while there must have been &lt;i&gt;at least 800 dead&lt;/i&gt; in the first half of 2019 only&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie Verdier, &#171; En ce moment il n'y a personne pour voir ce qui se passe au (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-14&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. No European state accepts those migrants although 400 people would be nothing for the 500.000 inhabitants of the rich E.U., and in any case there is no permanent or principled a solution in view, while the few rescue boats, hindered by European immigration politics, carry surviving stranded migrants every day. Indeed Thomas Piketty, the Nobel Prize economist, calculated that Europe could easily integrate one million people every year, should the integration be well prepared politically, economically and socially. The few remaining rescue boats err at sea without solution in view. The Ocean-Viking proceeded to four rescue operations at sea during August 2019, and she still had those almost 400 people on board on August 21st, not allowed to let them get off.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The problems we face are international and new. In Italy, after so many exaggerations and bad calculations, Salvini finally ingloriously falls from office together with his party the Lega (&lt;i&gt;la Lega&lt;/i&gt;), in August 2019, when a new government (a binary of the 5 Stars Party + Democratic Party, with the same prime minister and of course the same president), is installed. Governments are generally instable in Italy. But this is probably not the last we hear from Salvini, who will probably carry on with his social fascism and populism.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Migrants symbolise a currently &lt;i&gt;prevalent condition of humanity&lt;/i&gt; in movement, &lt;i&gt;the new universality of exiles and migrations&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Rada Ivekovi&#263;, Les citoyens manquants. Banlieues, migrations, citoyennet&#233;s (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-15&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. It is crucial that we should defend the right to movement and to hospitality for all&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, &#8220;Vers un imaginaire de&#769;mocratique radical : (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-16&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. Who will be the contemporary allies and road companions of the new nomads, of the migrants ? No doubt they will be multiple and will bear no definitive definition of closed numbers. In our view, it is in the interest of women and of contemporary feminist movements worldwide to join the requests of the migrants. Their conditions are the most critical, the most globally widespread and they coincide in many points with those of women whose interests intersect with theirs. In so coinciding, women and migrants alike will also necessarily carry on the struggles of the workers' movements, of various Occupy and Indignados movements, of engagements of resistance to wars and to violence, as well as of movements against all forms of racism (anti-Black, anti-Semitic, anti-Arab etc.), all forms of discrimination, of exploitation, of degrading and mismanagement of the Third World and of once (or still) colonised countries. The limits of the ideologies theorising failed modernisations (supposedly, in Third World or Socialist countries), whose &#8220;failures&#8221; are ascribed to cultural, civilizational, psychological features or stereotypes, or to &#8220;communism&#8221; are now showing their limits&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Maria Todorova, &#8220;Re-imagining the Balkans&#8221;, chapt. 4 in Sre&#263;ko Horvat &amp; (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-17&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;. We are constantly told that the failure in modernisation and in capitalism is due to some shortcomings in their bearers in countries that are lagging behind. As Rastko Mo&#269;nik shows, the neoliberal version of globalisation is not indispensable, but its embodiment in institutions and accumulation regimes has a high price &#8211; in wars, terrorism, fascism and post-fascist politics. Mo&#269;nik distinguishes two aspects of fascism : on the one hand cultural romantic fascism (nationalistic ideologies of the 19th century in Europe), and on the other, technocratic &#8220;non-politics&#8221;, which is founded on the idea of governance, even of expert governance. He shows how ne-liberalism will open the door for populism and even outright fascism. Such &#8220;non-politics&#8221; has its hidden ideology in classical liberalism, which is formally supposed to mean freedom, equality, tolerance and multiculturalism. (The thorough history of liberalism is complex and we cannot deal with it here.) The neo-liberal discourse doubts democracy from the very beginning and prefers technocratic politics, through which its authoritarianism is legitimised and functions formally and supposedly impartially. It despises the people and it often, though not always (since companies do need workers and often want them), introduces discriminatory policies in particular towards migrant populations. This description fits perfectly the politics of Emmanuel Macron, the present French president. With regards to the migrants, it fits generally the rejection, the pushback and the expulsion&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Saskia Sassen, Expulsions, Harvard, HUP 2014.&#034; id=&#034;nh4-18&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; politics of the European Union, of most of its member states and of a great deal of its public opinions. This is where &#8220;exception&#8221; will be politically theorised through mechanisms of immunisation&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;Roberto Esposito, Immunitas : The Protection and Negation of Life, Polity (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-19&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and made a theoretical shield instrumentalised to salvage (in our case) Europe's self-esteem and supposed moral superiority.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Today we observe that borders have made their comeback into the Schengen Europe&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;&#8220;Schengen refers to the EU passport-free zone that covers most of the (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-20&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; that was supposed to abolish them, and inner European states now even protect themselves against &#8220;invasions&#8221; of migrants coming from or through their European neighbours. The disaster in the Mediterranean Sea is the result of the European response, or rather, non-response since 2016, to the arrival of a wave of would-be immigrants in 2015, and especially since the access of an extreme right hardliner in June 2018 in Italy, to the position of deputy prime minister, embodying the government. This hardening happened through Salvini's subsequent decrees (called &lt;i&gt;la legge di sicurezza bis&lt;/i&gt;) eventually turned into the law n. 53, voted on June 24, 2019. It is, among other things, a law imposing the closure of Italian ports to rescue ships&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt; [&lt;a href=&#034;#nb4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; rel=&#034;appendix&#034; title=&#034;First a series of decrees by the minister of interior Salvini, this law that (&#8230;)&#034; id=&#034;nh4-21&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;, and of its criminalisation of rescue NGOs, associations, activities and operations. Although such outlawing of rescuing humans had been proclaimed by a single country, Italy, it has had and still has a disastrous domino-effect on the whole region and on Europe. Since the departure of the Italian hard-liner from government, the situation has somewhat eased, rescue ships are now allowed to dock in Italian ports, but the negotiations as to which country will take how many immigrants still take days.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
It is under such conditions that we must think (about) migrations and try to understand them within the historic conditions of our times. We should think of ways how to face, both as humans but also as theoreticians, the challenge of our times. We must theorise solutions and possibilities, both short term and long term ones. The short term ones are the most painful. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
I shall now spend the last hour with the students in my course.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rada Ivekovi&#263;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;hr /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_notes'&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-1&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-1&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-1&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie-Claire Claoz-Tschopp, interview &#8220;Did the &#034;refugee crisis&#034; exist in 2015-2016 ? We can doubt it. The instrumentalisation of statistics, untruths, and the electoral use of the migratory &#034;problem&#034; show in the end a gap between the political world, the media and science. This climate keeps us away from the facts. A spike in arrivals a few months has plunged the EU into alarmist speeches about the &#034;crisis&#034;, while the exodus of Syrians or Afghans in autumn 2015 was denied by a drastic drop in arrivals between 2016 and 2018. Angela Merkel's decision to host 1.1 million refugees in 2015 highlighted not so much the &#034;refugee crisis&#034; as the very restrictive attitudes of other EU member states, including France. and Switzerland, the prevalence of police categories in asylum policies and the lack of a prospective migration policy in the 21st century.&#8221; &#8220;Vers un imaginaire de&#769;mocratique radical : re&#769;affirmer les droits a&#768; la mobilite&#769; et a&#768; l'hospitalite&#769;&#8221;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/CI_CauseMigrants_MCCT_Entretien%20derniereversion.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/CI_CauseMigrants_MCCT_Entretien%20derniereversion.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-2&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-2&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-2&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Journal &lt;i&gt;H&#233;rodote&lt;/i&gt; n. 174, Paris, September 2019.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-3&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-3&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-3&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;See &#8220;La cause des migrants&#8221;, ed. by Pauline Br&#252;cker, Daniel Veron and Youri Lou Vertongen in &lt;i&gt;Revue comparative de sciences sociales&lt;/i&gt;, N&#176; 84 juillet-septembre 2019. See in particular the interview with Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/vers-un-&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/vers-un-&lt;/a&gt; imaginaire-democratique-radical-reaffirmer-les-droits-la-mobilite-et-lhospitalite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-4&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-4&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-4&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Surprisingly, Ursula von der Leyen, the new president elect (2019) of the European Commission, proposed to create a new European &#8220;ministry&#8221; of &#8220;Protecting our European way of life&#8221; (instead of the former and softer &#8220;Migration, home affaires and citizenship&#8221;), presided by Margaritis Schinas, himself a right-wing vice-president of the European Commission. Now, this would surely be a regression as compared to the former mandate, and has been widely criticized including by the EU politicians. The proposal may fail at the European Parliament, but it is a warning about a general tendency that opposes &#8220;the European way of life&#8221; to &#8220;migrants&#8221;, as was remarked by the present president of the EC, Jean-Claude Juncker, who disapproved it in an Interview to &#8220;Euronews&#8221; on Sept. 13, 2019, as much as did Thomas Piketty in his interview on the programme &#8220;28 minutes&#8221; on Arte TV on Sept. 14, 2019.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-5&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-5&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-5&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Serge Halimi, &#8220;Comment &#233;chapper &#224; la confusion politique&#8221; &lt;i&gt;Monde diplomatique&lt;/i&gt;, May 2015, pages 1 and 16, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2015/05/HALIMI/52909&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2015/05/HALIMI/52909&lt;/a&gt; ; Beno&#238;t Br&#233;ville &amp; Pierre Rimbert , &#8220;Une gauche assise &#224; la droite du peuple&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;Monde diplomatique&lt;/i&gt;, March 2015, pp. 8-9.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-6&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-6&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-6&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Since the parting of ways between Tito and Stalin in 1948, Yugoslavia was not a part of it although you get the opposite &#8220;information&#8221; on Wikipedia and all over the Internet.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-7&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-7&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-7&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Michael Hardt, Tony Negry, &lt;i&gt;Empire&lt;/i&gt;, Harvard, HUP 2001.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-8&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-8&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-8&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Goran Feji&#263;, public lecture on Nov. 27, 2019 at ICCS/IICS, National Chiao Tung University in Hsinchu, Taiwan, &#8220;The demise of multilateralism in a multipolar world, why ?&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-9&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-9&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-9&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;The Mediterranean Sea is itself a border or rather a large frontier area. It hides the number of dead.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-10&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-10&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-10&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Claude Calame, &#8220;Pr&#232;s de 40000 personnes exil&#233;es mortes en M&#233;diterran&#233;e : un crime contre l'humanit&#233;&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;M&#233;diapart&lt;/i&gt;, Jan. 8, 2018, &lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/claude-calame/blog/080118/pres-de-40000-personnes-exilees-mortes-en-mediterranee-un-crime-contre-l-humanite&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/claude-calame/blog/080118/pres-de-40000-personnes-exilees-mortes-en-mediterranee-un-crime-contre-l-humanite&lt;/a&gt; . See also the 10 theses by Calame on forced migrations into Europe, &#8220;Migrantes et migrants en situation d'exil contraint : dix th&#232;ses&#8221;, &lt;i&gt;M&#233;diapart&lt;/i&gt;, March 25, 2019, &lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/claude-calame/blog/250319/migrantes-et-migrants-en-situation-d-exil-contraint-dix-theses&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/claude-calame/blog/250319/migrantes-et-migrants-en-situation-d-exil-contraint-dix-theses&lt;/a&gt; . See also Jacques Terrenoire, &#8220;L'inaction du gouvernement fran&#231;ais face aux morts en M&#233;diterran&#233;e est une honte&#8221;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jacques-terrenoire/blog/130819/linaction-du-gouvernement-francais-face-aux-morts-en-mediterranee-est-une-honte&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://blogs.mediapart.fr/jacques-terrenoire/blog/130819/linaction-du-gouvernement-francais-face-aux-morts-en-mediterranee-est-une-honte&lt;/a&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-11&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-11&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-11&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;In French, &lt;i&gt;d&#233;lit de solidarit&#233;&lt;/i&gt;. Pia Klemp is threatened with up to 20 years' imprisonment for it.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-12&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-12&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-12&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Quoted from Yannis Youlountas's Blog on August 20, 2019 : &lt;a href=&#034;http://blogyy.net/2019/08/20/la-navigatrice-et-sauveteuse-en-mer-pia-klemp-refuse-la-medaille-de-la-ville-de-paris/&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://blogyy.net/2019/08/20/la-navigatrice-et-sauveteuse-en-mer-pia-klemp-refuse-la-medaille-de-la-ville-de-paris/&lt;/a&gt; ; see also &lt;i&gt;Le Monde&lt;/i&gt;, &#8220;Migrants : la Ville de Paris propose &#224; la capitaine du &#171; Sea-Watch 3 &#187; de &#171; discuter &#187; apr&#232;s son refus d'&#234;tre d&#233;cor&#233;e&#8221;, &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2019/08/21/migrants-la-ville-de-paris-propose-a-pia-klemp-de-discuter-apres-son-refus-d-etre-decoree_5501337_3224.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2019/08/21/migrants-la-ville-de-paris-propose-a-pia-klemp-de-discuter-apres-son-refus-d-etre-decoree_5501337_3224.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-13&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-13&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-13&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;13&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie Verdier, &#8220;De &#8216;L'Open-Arms' &#224; l''Ocean-Viking', l'errance des bateaux humanitaires&#8221;, in &lt;i&gt;La Croix&lt;/i&gt;, 19-8-2019, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Europe/lOpen-Arms-Ocean-Viking-lerrance-bateaux-humanitaires-2019-08-19-1201041832&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Europe/lOpen-Arms-Ocean-Viking-lerrance-bateaux-humanitaires-2019-08-19-1201041832&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-14&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-14&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-14&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;14&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie Verdier, &#171; En ce moment il n'y a personne pour voir ce qui se passe au large de la Libye &#187; an Interview with the president of SOS M&#233;diterran&#233;e Fran&#231;ois Thomas in &lt;i&gt;La Croix&lt;/i&gt;, 16-8-2019, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Europe/En-moment-personne-voir-passe-large-Libye-2019-08-16-1201041394&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Europe/En-moment-personne-voir-passe-large-Libye-2019-08-16-1201041394&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-15&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-15&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-15&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Rada Ivekovi&#263;, &lt;i&gt;Les citoyens manquants. Banlieues, migrations, citoyennet&#233;s et construction europ&#233;enne&lt;/i&gt;, Al Dante, Marseille 2015.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-16&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-16&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-16&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, &#8220;Vers un imaginaire de&#769;mocratique radical : re&#769;affirmer les droits a&#768; la mobilite&#769; et a&#768; l'hospitalite&#769;&#8221;, &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/CI_CauseMigrants_MCCT_Entretien%20derniereversion.pdf&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/CI_CauseMigrants_MCCT_Entretien%20derniereversion.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-17&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-17&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-17&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Maria Todorova, &#8220;Re-imagining the Balkans&#8221;, chapt. 4 in Sre&#263;ko Horvat &amp; Igor Stiks (eds.), &lt;i&gt;Welcome to the desert of post-socialism. Radical politics after Yugoslavia&lt;/i&gt;, London, Verso 2015, pp. 85-102. &lt;i&gt;Rastko Mo&#269;nik, Spisi o suvremenom kapitalizmu&lt;/i&gt;, transl. by Sre&#263;ko Pulig and Vesna Arsovski, Zagreb, Arkzin 2016.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-18&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-18&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-18&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Saskia Sassen, &lt;i&gt;Expulsions&lt;/i&gt;, Harvard, HUP 2014.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-19&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-19&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-19&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;Roberto Esposito, &lt;i&gt;Immunitas : The Protection and Negation of Life&lt;/i&gt;, Polity Press 2017.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-20&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-20&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-20&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;&#8220;Schengen refers to the EU passport-free zone that covers most of the European countries. It's the largest free travel area in the world. (...) A Schengen visa is a short-stay visa that allows a person to travel to any members of the Schengen Area, per stays up to 90 days for tourism or business purposes.&#8221; &lt;a href=&#034;https://www.schengenvisainfo.com&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;https://www.schengenvisainfo.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&#034;nb4-21&#034;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip_note_ref&#034;&gt;[&lt;a href=&#034;#nh4-21&#034; class=&#034;spip_note&#034; title=&#034;Notes 4-21&#034; rev=&#034;appendix&#034;&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;] &lt;/span&gt;First a series of decrees by the minister of interior Salvini, this law that mainly addresses migration, the security of borders and general &#8220;security&#8221; has been voted, expanded and applied since on several occasions since 2017. It sanctions with the confiscation of the boat and a minimum of 15.000 Euros to a maximum of 1 million Euros the captain who should enter a closed port &#8220;in case of violation of the decree of prohibiting entrance, transit or stop-over in Italian territorial waters&#8221;. The captain is arrested in flagrancy in the case of the &#8220;offense of resistance or violence against a warship&#8221; as happened in the case of captain Carola Rackete.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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